1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2. Lecture Objectives:
Upon completion of this lecture, you will be better able to:
List the infectious diseases commonly encountered in the school setting
Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment and prevention of the diseases discussed in the manual
Identify the incubation and isolation periods for these diseases

3. FIFTH DISEASE CAUSE: SYMPTOMS:
A virus known as human parvovirus or B19
SYMPTOMS:
“Slapped cheek” rash (starts on face and spreads
Fever, general pruritis, flu symptoms, and pharyngitis

4. FIFTH DISEASE Incubation period is 6-14 days
Symptoms usually begin one to two weeks after exposure to the virus
NOTE: WHEN THE RASH APPEARS, THE STUDENT IS NO LONGER CONTAGIOUS!

5. “Slapped Cheek” rash

6. FIFTH DISEASE COMPLICATIONS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
Can be dangerous to women who are less than 20 weeks pregnant
Dangerous to cancer or immunosuppressed students
DIAGNOSIS
Usually made by clinical symptoms
TREATMENT
No definitive treatment at this time

7. FIFTH DISEASE PREVENTION NOTE: THERE IS CURRENTLY NO VACCINE AVAILABLE
Good handwashing is the best defense against the virus
Universal substance precautions
NOTE: THERE IS CURRENTLY NO VACCINE AVAILABLE

8. PERTUSSIS CAUSE: TRANSMISSION:
Caused by a bacteria known as Bordetella pertussis
Highly contagious
TRANSMISSION:
By airborne droplets
Incubation period is 5-10 days

9. PERTUSSIS 3 STAGES OF THE DISEASE: 1. CATARRHAL STAGE (1-2 weeks)
Child is MOST CONTAGIOUS in this stage
2. PAROXYSMAL STAGE (2-4 weeks)
3. CONVALESCENT STAGE (3-4 weeks)

11. PERTUSSIS COMPLICATIONS Pneumonia Apnea Dehydration, weight loss
Atelectasis
Seizures

12. PERTUSSIS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PREVENTION
A nasopharyngeal swab is used to test for the B. pertussis bacteria
TREATMENT
Erythromycin
PREVENTION
Vaccination

13. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
CAUSE
The Epstein-Barr virus is the most common cause of mononucleosis (mono)
In the United States, the incidence of mono peaks in adolescence

14. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
TRANSMISSION
Transmitted through affected saliva. Also known as the ”kissing disease”
SYMPTOMS
High fever
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Fatigue
Hepatosplenomegaly

15. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
A blood test is required to confirm the diagnosis (Monospot)
CBC usually shows atypical lymphocytes
COMPLICATIONS
Splenic rupture
Guillain-Barre

16. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
TREATMENT
Currently no medication to treat the disease
Treatment typically palliative - treat the symptoms
PREVENTION
There is no vaccine currently available
Best defense is to avoid direct exposure to anyone with symptoms. Always maintain good handwashing

17. SCARLET FEVER CAUSE Usually caused by group A streptococcus SYMPTOMS
Fever, pharyngitis, “sandpaper” rash

19. SCARLET FEVER TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets spread the disease. Spread by close contact and shared utensils
Incubation period is 3-5 days
NOTE: Student is contagious until antibiotic is taken for 24 hours

21. SCARLET FEVER DIAGNOSIS
A throat culture determines if Strep A is present
If culture is positive and there is a rash, the diagnosis is made
TREATMENT
The drug of choice is penicillin

23. SCARLET FEVER COMPLICATIONS Rheumatic Fever Glomerulonephritis
PREVENTION
Avoid close contact or sharing of utensils with anyone who is symptomatic. Always maintain good handwashing

24. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections in children less than 4 years old
Most children experience at least one infection by age 3. Confers only partial protection from subsequent infection, so reinfection can occur.

25. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
SYMPTOMS
Wheezing
Tachypnea
Retractions
Nasal flaring
Atelectasis

26. RESPIRATORY SYNCTIAL VIRUS
COMPLICATIONS
Hypoxia
Dehydration
Respiratory failure

27. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
TREATMENT
Oxygen
Fluid balance
Tylenol
Albuterol nebulizer or oral medication

28. Pediculosis THREE FORMS OF HEAD LICE
NIT- Eggs of head lice. Hatch in approximately 1 week. Usually found attached to hair shaft.
NYMPH - Becomes an adult in approximately days after hatching. Will die without blood supply.
ADULT - Has 6 legs and can live up to 30 days on a head. Needs blood supply to live.

29. Pediculosis DIAGNOSIS
A diagnosis is made when one or more live lice are found on the student.

30. Pediculosis TREATMENT Only treat a student when live lice are found.
A standard chemical insecticidal lotion is used.
Inform parent/guardian on how to treat household items.

31. IMPETIGO TWO TYPES OF IMPETIGO
Nonbullous impetigo- This type is typically seen to a greater degree in children versus adults. Usually affects the facial area.
Bullous impetigo-This type is highly contagious and can spread to large areas of skin.

34. IMPETIGO
TREATMENT
Impetigo is usually treated with oral antibiotics such as dicloxacillin.
Occasionally, only a topical antibiotic such as mupirocin is prescribed.

35. RINGWORM
CAUSE
Ringworm (tinea capitis) is caused by the fungus Trichophyton tonsurans. When ringworm affects the scalp, typically hair loss occurs.

37. RINGWORM
TREATMENT
The treatment for ringworm is oral griseofulvin for 8 weeks. Antifungal shampoo should also be used 2 times a week for 8 weeks.

38. RINGWORM PREVENTION Good handwashing
No sharing of personal hair products
Checking pets for signs and symptoms of ringworm

39. MENINGITIS
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges. Can be bacterial or viral.
Leading cause of bacterial meningitis used to be Haemophilus influenzae type B
Current leading cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitis.

40. MENINGITIS SYMPTOMS High fever Headache Stiff neck Nausea, vomiting
Photophobia
Lethargy

43. MENINGITIS TREATMENT Hospitalization
IV antibiotics are the treatment of choice for bacterial meningitis

44. Summary
Children are subject to a wide variety of infectious illness, ranging in severity from minor annoyances to potentially lethal diseases. It is important to be aware of the findings and progression associated with these diseases in order to expediate evaluation, treatment, prevention and followup.
Remember – contagious illness poses a particular threat to students who have compromised immune systems. Implement special precautions to protect these students from infectious diseases at school.

45. ANY QUESTIONS??