1. Get to Know Your Camera

2. Objective Learn camera terms Learn camera modes and how to use them
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3. Table of Contents Cameras Work Like Our Eyes
Understanding Exposure – Collecting Rain
Aperture – How open is your lens?
Shutter Speed – How fast should it be?
ISO Speed – How much light do you want?
Your Camera Modes
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4. Cameras Work Like Our Eyes
Lens collects light
Iris controls how much light
Bigger opening = more light
Smaller opening = less light
Blinking controls how long we see a moment
Image:
What Is Aperture?
The main function of a camera lens is to collect light. The aperture of a lens is the diameter of the lens opening and is usually controlled by an iris. The larger the diameter of the aperture, the more light reaches the film / image sensor.
Aperture is expressed as F-stop, e.g. F2.8 or f/2.8. The smaller the F-stop number (or f/value), the larger the lens opening (aperture).
[Note: Many camera user manuals today will refer to the aperture in terms of "aperture value" instead of f/value. I'm not sure when this trend started but don't get confused between "aperture" and "aperture value." Aperture value" is simply another way of saying f/value.]
In practice, unless you are dealing with a fixed-aperture lens (many simple point-and-shoot cameras have only one fixed aperture), the aperture of a lens is usually expressed as a range of fstops.
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5. Understanding Exposure – Collecting Rain
How can we collect rain?
The width of the bucket
How long we leave it in rain
How much water we want
Too much or too little
Overexposed
Underexposed
Many different combinations
Image and text -
Achieving the correct exposure is a lot like collecting rain in a bucket. While the rate of rainfall is uncontrollable, three factors remain under your control: the bucket's width, the duration you leave it in the rain, and the quantity of rain you want to collect. You just need to ensure you don't collect too little ("underexposed"), but that you also don't collect too much ("overexposed"). The key is that there are many different combinations of width, time and quantity that will achieve this. For example, for the same quantity of water, you can get away with less time in the rain if you pick a bucket that's really wide. Alternatively, for the same duration left in the rain, a really narrow bucket can be used as long as you plan on getting by with less water.
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6. Aperture – How open is your lens?
Lens controls how much light enters your camera
Controls depth of field
Range of distance that is in focus
F/stop
Low f/stop = small area of focus
High f/stop = is large area of focus
Fence knob -
Bridge -
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7. Shutter Speed – How fast should it be?
Shutter opens and closes lens
Controls how long light enters camera
Faster shutter speed = sharp photo
Image -
Text -
camera's shutter determines when the camera sensor will be open or closed to incoming light from the camera lens. The shutter speed specifically refers to how long this light is permitted to enter the camera. "Shutter speed" and "exposure time" refer to the same concept, where a faster shutter speed means a shorter exposure time.
By the Numbers. Shutter speed's influence on exposure is perhaps the simplest of the three camera settings: it correlates exactly 1:1 with the amount of light entering the camera. For example, when the exposure time doubles the amount of light entering the camera doubles. It's also the setting that has the widest range of possibilities:
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8. ISO Speed – How much light do you want?
Controls sensitivity to light
Lower is almost always better
Higher ISO speed = image noise
Grainy photos
Image -
The ISO speed determines how sensitive the camera is to incoming light. Similar to shutter speed, it also correlates 1:1 with how much the exposure increases or decreases. However, unlike aperture and shutter speed, a lower ISO speed is almost always desirable, since higher ISO speeds dramatically increase image noise. As a result, ISO speed is usually only increased from its minimum value if the desired aperture and shutter speed aren't otherwise obtainable.
Common ISO speeds include 100, 200, 400 and 800, although many cameras also permit lower or higher values. With compact cameras, an ISO speed in the range of generally produces acceptably low image noise, whereas with digital SLR cameras, a range of (or higher) is often acceptable.
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9. Your Camera Modes Auto Mode - No worries Manual Mode – Total Control
Sets everything automatically
Manual Mode – Total Control
No safety net
Aperture Mode: You size aperture
Camera sets correct shutter speed
Blur background or keep entire image in focus
A Key to Camera Icons: Making Sense of the Symbols
Illustration: Diego Aguirre Auto Mode: When you want to take snapshots without worrying about the mechanics of photography, leave this setting on Auto. This mode sets all exposure levels automatically, and it usually locks you out of making any minor adjustments manually.
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10. Your Camera Modes, Cont’d
Shutter Mode: You set shutter speed
Camera sets correct aperture
Freeze a scene or blur the picture
Program Mode: Preset that allows small changes
Creative changes possible
Macro Mode: Focus extremely close
Life-size pictures of insects, flowers, etc.
Very narrow focus range
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11. Your Camera Modes, Cont’d
Landscape Mode
Camera picks aperture and shutter settings for depth of field for landscapes
Sand and Snow
Overexposes scene to gain details that would be lost due to brightly colored, glaring backgrounds
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12. Your Camera Modes, Cont’d
Action – Sports
Sets the camera to the highest shutter speed
Increases odds of getting a clear shot
Night
Combines flash, which freezes people in the foreground, with slow shutter speed
Allows lights from buildings, cars, etc. to show in the background.
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13. Summary Cameras work much like our eyes
Correct exposure depends on 3 variables
Aperture – determines area of focus
Shutter speed
ISO speed – lower makes less “noise”
Camera Modes: All or nothing, some control
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14. .
Works Cited
Johnson, Dave. "Photo Tips: What Are All Those Camera Icons?" TechHive, edited by John Phillips, IDG Consumer & SMB, 28 Oct. 2004, Accessed 12 Nov
McHugh, Sean. "Understanding Exposure." Cambridge in Colour, camera-exposure.htm. Accessed 12 Nov
"What Is... Aperture?" Photoxels, edited by MyKhanh Wong and Yin Wong, MyKhanh Wong, Accessed 12 Nov
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