1. Build some national pride first…
Build some national pride first…

2. Chapter 8 Confederation

3. Confederation Bridge (is between New Brunswick and PEI)

4. Confederation House in Charlottetown, PEI

5. Focus Questions What issues shaped confederation?
What ideas about citizenship shaped confederation
What factors led to other provinces joining Confederation

6. What Was Confederation?
Confederation was an agreement among some of the colonies of British North America to join together. It established rules about Canadian society.
Equality in Canada for French and English languages
Central Government with provincial governments
Excluded First Nations as citizens of Canada… (Today First nation continually work to change the idea of citizenship that first shaped Canada (this is an entire unit in Grade 9!!!!)

7. Background Information
Six British Colonies that considered Confederation in the 1860’s
Canada West
Canada East
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland

8. What qualities do you think the perfect Prime Minister would have?
Besides being just like Ms. Reinhardt…..
Vote REINHARDT for PM!!!!

9. John A MacDonald From Canada West.
Was one of the volunteers who attacked and defeated Mackenzie’s Rebels in 1837
Lawyer
He wanted to create a nation that stretched from ‘sea to sea’ and maintain ties with Britain.
Believe in accommodating people to achieve agreement… gave provincial governments control over some of their own affairs (education)
Canada’s first Prime Minister

11. George Etienne Cartier
From Canada East
From wealthy family in Lower Canada/ fought with the patriots
Didn’t want Canada to become a republic like the US
Wanted provinces to control issues like language and religion ( Catholic church played an important role in politics of Canada East)

12. George Brown From Canada East Founded today’s Globe and Mail newspaper
Didn’t support confederation at first
Wanted representation by population… this would have given the English more power.
Harshly criticized John A MacDonald
1864 he changed his mind and wanted the British colonies to control Rupert’s Land. He was afraid if they didn’t it would be taken over by the US
Got shot in the leg and died (infection)

13. Etienne Paschal Tache Was a Patriot in the rebellions of 1837- 1838
Believed Canadians could safe guard their heritage as a province of Canada
Believed that the leaders of Canada East and West had to cooperate
Worked well with John A MacDonald

14. Key Confederation Issues

15. Political Deadlock
Canada East and Canada West had an equal number of seats in the province’s assembly

16. Question Of Rights For Canadiens
Canadiens had protected their language and religion despite the Act of Union that tried to assimilate them. They needed a guaranteed that any new political arrangement would recognize and respect their rights.
Some Canadien leaders saw Confederation as the only option to protect their rights.
Others felt Confederation would be a threat and the Federal Government would have too much power.

17. Independence For Regions
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island were British colonies but they governed themselves.
They worried they would lose their independence if they were governed by Canada East and Canada West
Also thought it might be too expensive…

18. Risk of Annexation From US
Worried the Americans would expand

19. Western Expansion
In the 1860’s, Canada West had developed most of the good farmland.
George Brown wanted to expand into Rupert’s land but worried the Americans would do so as well.

21. Trade Challenges
Britain had regulated the economy of British North America.
Mercantilism meant that British paid as low a price as possible for resources from the colonies but it also meant that the colonies could sell to Britain.
1840’s Britain took steps to end Mercantilism. They would only buy from the colonies if it was the cheapest price.
British North America had an agreement with the US that they could sell their goods to the US for a competitive price, but in 1865 the US added a tariff (tax) to goods bought from British North America… which would make BNA’s goods higher priced in the US.

22. Confederation Deal
The colonies involved in the Confederation negotiations wanted to protect regional rights.
They did not want a central government that took away the power of each region to make important decisions on its own.

23. British North America Act 1867
Created the Dominion of Canada formed from the former colonies of Canada which included Canada East, Canada West, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland did not join.
BNA Act gave the federal government the right to make laws for the peace, order and good government
The act established French and English as the languages of Canada’ s Parliament
Guaranteed public schools for the Protestant/English in Quebec and French/ Catholic Schools in the rest of Canada
Gave the government the right to protect minorities in any province in the future
Established representation by population for the House of Commons
New government would pay for a railway linking the Maritimes with central Canada

24. Maritimes & Confederation
The Maritimes had strong economic ties with Britain and the Caribbean based on trade by sea.
If the Maritimes joined Canada promised them a railway linking them to Central Canada.
It was not a popular decision to join Confederation

25. First Nations & Confederation

26. First Nations & Confederation
During the Confederation negotiations, the colonies of British North America did not consult any First Nations
The idea of citizenship was different then. Examples include:
1857 Gradual Civilization Act: required that First Nations give up their ways before they could become citizens of Canada
1867 British North America Act: First Nations become a part of the federal government’s responsibilities.
Until 1960: Only those who gave up their Indian Status were allowed to vote

27. Other Provinces Join Canada
1867 Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Part of the original Confederation agreement
1870 Manitoba Refused to be transferred as a territory, demanded to join as a province
1871 British Columbia Joined as Province
1873 Prince Edward Island Joined as a province 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan Created from a territory and transferred to Canada
1949 Newfoundland Joined as a province

28. British Columbia
BC was a British colony because of the British Explorer George Vancouver
First colonist made their living with the fur trade
1857 the gold rush began. It was an economic boom and the colony borrowed money to pay for roads etc.
The boom didn’t last long and then the colony went into debt. There didn’t seem to be a big future.
Some colonists wanted to join the USA. Some wanted to join Canada.
The Canadian government wanted the country to stretch from “sea to sea” so the offered to pay off BC’s debt and build a railway to link them to the rest of Canada
Joined as a province in 1871

29. Prince Edward Island
1870, the colony of Prince Edward Island began to have economic trouble. ( Borrowed money for a railway and many farms did not own the land…it was owned by those in Britain)
Felt that joining Confederation would help solve it’s problems
Canada agreed to pay off the colony’s railway and by the island’s farmland as well as provide year round ferry service. (joined in 1873)

30. Newfoundland Newfoundland reject Confederation in 1867 and 1869
Had a successful economy in fish and lumber
1930’s during the Great Depression, the world cut back on trade and Newfoundland could no longer afford to pay for it’s hospitals, school and other services.
Britain then took direct control of Newfoundland until after WWII.
After WWII, Britain said it could no longer afford to assist Newfoundland.
Newfoundlanders then voted whether they should join Canada or stay independent. It was a close vote but joining Canada won.
Became a province in 1949

31. Became our flag in 1965
Do you think this is a true symbol of Canada? What else could have been put on the flag?

32.
How fitting…..