1. Long-Run Costs
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2. 2010 Question 19
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3. Definition of the “Short-Run”
We will look at both short-run and long-run production costs.
Short-run is NOT a set specific amount of time.
The short-run is a period in which at least one resource is fixed.
Plant capacity/size is NOT changeable
In the long-run ALL resources are variable
NO fixed resources
Plant capacity/size is changeable
Today we will examine LONG-run costs. 3
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5. Definition and Purpose of the Long Run
In the long run all resources are variable. Plant capacity/size can change.
Why is this important?
The Long-Run is used for planning. Firms use to identify which plant size results in the lowest per unit cost.
Ex: Assume a firm is producing 100 bikes with a fixed number of resources (workers, machines, etc.).
If this firm decides to DOUBLE the number of resources, what will happen to the number of bikes it can produce?
There are only three possible outcomes:
Number of bikes will double (constant returns to scale)
Bikes will more than double (increasing returns to scale)
Bikes will less than double (decreasing returns to scale)
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6. Long Run ATC
What happens to the average total costs of a product when a firm increases its plant capacity?
Example of various plant sizes:
I make looms out of my garage with one saw
I rent out building, buy 5 saws, hire 3 workers
I rent a factory, buy 20 saws and hire 40 workers
I build my own plant and use robots to build looms.
I create plants in every major city in the U.S.
Long Run ATC curve is made up of all the different short run ATC curves of various plant sizes. 6
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7. ECONOMIES OF SCALE Why does economies of scale occur?
Firms that produce more can better use Mass Production Techniques and Specialization.
Example:
A car company that makes 50 cars will have a very high average cost per car.
A car company that can produce 100,000 cars will have a low average cost per car.
Using mass production techniques, like robots, will cause total cost to be higher but the average cost for each car would be significantly lower. 7
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8. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
Costs
MC1
ATC1
$9,900,000
$50,000
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 8
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9. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
Economies of Scale- Long Run Average Cost falls because mass production techniques are used.
Costs
MC1
ATC1
MC2
$9,900,000
ATC2
$50,000
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 9
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10. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
Economies of Scale- Long Run Average Cost falls because mass production techniques are used.
Costs
MC1
ATC1
MC2
$9,900,000
MC3
ATC2
$50,000
ATC3
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 10
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11. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
Constant Returns to Scale- The long-run average total cost is as low as it can get.
Costs
MC1
ATC1
MC2
$9,900,000
MC3
MC4
ATC2
$50,000
ATC3
ATC4
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 11
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12. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost Diseconomies of Scale-
Long run average costs increase as the firm gets too big and difficult to manage.
Costs
MC1
ATC1
MC2
$9,900,000
MC5
MC3
ATC5
MC4
ATC2
$50,000
ATC3
ATC4
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 12
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13. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
These are all short run average costs curves. Where is the Long Run Average Cost Curve?
Costs
MC1
ATC1
MC2
$9,900,000
MC5
MC3
ATC5
MC4
ATC2
$50,000
ATC3
ATC4
$6,000
$3,000
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars 13
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14. Long Run AVERAGE Total Cost
Costs
Economies of Scale
Constant Returns to Scale
Diseconomies of Scale
Long Run Average Cost Curve
, , ,000,0000
Quantity Cars

15. Constant Returns to Scale Long Run Average Cost Curve
LRATC Simplified
The law of diminishing marginal returns doesn’t apply in the long run because there are no FIXED RESOURCES.
Costs
Economies of Scale
Constant Returns to Scale
Diseconomies of Scale
Long Run Average Cost Curve 15
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Quantity

16. Unit 3: Costs of Production and Perfect Competition
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17. Candy Markets Simulation
4 Market Structures
Candy Markets Simulation
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18. Four Market Structures Market for Operating Systems (Microsoft)
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Every product is sold in a market that can be considered one of the above market structures.
For example:
Fast Food Market
Cars Manufactures
Market for Operating Systems (Microsoft)
Strawberry Market
Cereal Market
Monopolistic Competition (differentiated products)
Oligopoly
Monopoly
Perfect Competition
Oligopoly (3 main producers)
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19. Four Market Structures
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Imperfect Competition
Characteristics of Perfect Competition:
Examples: Corn, Strawberries, Milk, etc.
Many small firms
Identical products (perfect substitutes)
Low Barriers- Easy for firms to enter and exit the industry
Seller has no need to advertise
Firms are “Price Takers”
The seller has NO control over price.
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20. Four Market Structures
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Characteristics of Monopoly:
Examples: The Electric Company,
One large firm (the firm is the market)
Unique product (no close substitutes)
High Barriers- Firms cannot enter the industry
Monopolies are “Price Makers”
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21. Barriers to Entry Types of Barriers to Entry 1. Economies of Scale
A monopoly wouldn’t last long if there were not high barriers to keep other firms from entering.
Types of Barriers to Entry
1. Economies of Scale
Ex: There is only one electric company because they are the only ones that can make electricity at the lowest cost. This is a “natural monopoly”
2. Superior Technology
3. Geography or Ownership of Raw Materials
4. Government Created Barriers
The government issues patents to protect inventors and forbids others from using their invention
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22. Four Market Structures
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Characteristics of Oligopolies:
Examples: Cell Phones, Service Providers, Cars
A Few Large Producers (Less than 10)
Identical or Differentiated Products
High Barriers to Entry
Control Over Price (Price Maker)
Mutual Interdependence
Firms must worry about the decisions of their competitors and use strategy
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23. Four Market Structures
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Characteristics of Mono. Comp:
Examples: Fast food, furniture, shoe stores
Relatively Large Number of Sellers
Differentiated Products
Some control over price
Low Barriers- easy for firms to enter
A lot of non-price competition (Advertising)
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