1. Civil Rights

2. Civil Rights
Refers to government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals based on categories such as:
race,
sex,
national origin,
age,
religion
or sexual orientation

3. 14th Amendment Due Process- Equal Protection Criminal Rights
Civil Liberties
Equal Protection
Civil Rights Movement

4. Amendments Civil War Amendments 13- Freed Slaves 14- Citizenship
15-Voting Rights

5. Plessey vs. Fergusson
Separate IS equal
1896

6. Jim Crow laws
Poll Tax
Literacy Test
Grandfather Clause

7. Brown (2) Times are a Changing Desegregate with “all deliberate speed”
Brown vs. Board of Education (1)
Ruled that separate was NOT equal
Brown (2)
Desegregate with “all deliberate speed”

9. 3 Civil Rights Acts Civil Rights Act 1964 (1)
Banned discrimination in Public Accommodations
Commerce Clause Used to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. U.S.
Education
Bring action against schools that did not comply with Brown v. Board of Education
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg County

10. Discrimination De Jure- By Law De Facto- By Fact
Racial Segregation which is a direct result of law or official policy
De Facto- By Fact
Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as Housing Patterns and other social or institutional non- government factors)
Open Housing Acts of 1968 (2)
Illegal for Realtors to discriminate in selling of real estate

11. Voting Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 24th Amendment
Eliminated Literacy Test
Federal Government used to ensure “equal protection”
24th Amendment
Eliminates the Poll Tax
Good bye Jim Crow Laws

12. Women’s Rights 19th Amendment Reed vs. Reed Title IX-
Men do not have precedence over women
Title IX-
Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs
Prong one - Providing athletic opportunities that are substantially proportionate to the student enrollment, OR
Prong two - Demonstrate a continual expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex, OR
Prong three - Full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of underrepresented sex.

13. Affirmative Action What do you know about Affirmative Action?
Definition-
concrete steps that are taken not only to eliminate discrimination—whether in employment, education, or contracting—but also to attempt to redress the efforts of past discrimination

14. Court Cases U.C. Regents vs. Bakke (1978) Gratz vs. Bollinger (2003)
Strict quotas unconstitutional, but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. Bakke was admitted
Gratz vs. Bollinger (2003)
Struck down use of “bonus points” for race in undergrad admissions at UM
Grutter vs. Bollinger (2003)
Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at UM
“compelling interest in achieving diversity among its student body."