1. Critical Lenses

2. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: The structure of a text affects the meaning.
Authors make specific decisions in their writing, based on audience, purpose, and intent.
Literature can be read through many critical lenses.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: How do structural decisions of an argument influence text?
What are critical lenses?

3. What is a Critical Lens?
Literary criticism is an attempt to evaluate and understand the creative writing, the literature of an author. Literature includes plays, essays, novels, poetry, and short stories. Literary criticism is a description, analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a particular literary work or an author's writings as a whole.
Critical Lenses are different perspectives through which the reader can “view” a text.

4. Feminist/Gender Criticism
View society in a “patriarchal” and “heterosexual” way, which has hindered or prevented women and homosexuals from realizing their true potential. Claim that both groups are viewed negatively, inferior, or as “the other.”
Consider the gender/orientation of the author, characters
What roles does gender or sexuality play in this work? (Examine power relations)
Look for sexual stereotypes either reinforced or contradicted
Imagine yourself as the opposite gender reading the text

5. Marxist Criticism
Views society based on the economic and cultural theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles. Assumes that each society is made up of a set of concepts, beliefs, values, and ways of thinking influenced by economic and class structures.
Consider who has the power/money and who doesn’t
What role does power, money, or class play in this work?
What happens as a result in differences in power/money?
Relate context of work to social-class of author and/or time period

6. Psychoanalytic Criticism
Views text as an expression of the personality, state of mind, feelings, and desires of its author. Looks for the distinction between conscious and unconscious motives of characters and author.
Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?

7. Archetypes
Archetypal analysis of a work is one of the most common forms of literary analysis.
An archetype is a pattern from which copies can be made. That is, it is a universal theme that manifests itself differently on an individual basis. These archetypes can be found all over the world and throughout history. The manifestation of the idea may be different, but the idea itself is the same.
Archetypes fall into two major categories:
characters
situations/symbols.

8. Archetypes – Characters
The hero - The courageous figure, the one who's always running in and saving the day.
The outcast - The outcast is just that. He or she has been cast out of society or has left it on a voluntary basis. The outcast figure can oftentimes also be considered as a Christ figure.
The scapegoat - The scapegoat figure is the one who gets blamed for everything, regardless of whether he or she is actually at fault.
The star-crossed lovers - This is the young couple joined by love but unexpectedly parted by fate.
The shrew - This is that nagging, bothersome wife always battering her husband with verbal abuse. "

9. Archetypes – Situations and Symbols
The task - A situation in which a character, or group of characters, is driven to complete some duty of monstrous proportion.
The quest - Here, the character(s) are searching for something, whether consciously or unconsciously. Their actions, thoughts, and feelings center around the goal for completing this quest.
The loss of innocence - This is, as the name implies, a loss of innocence through sexual experience, violence, or any other means.
The initiation - This is the process by which a character is brought into another sphere of influence, usually (in literature) into adulthood.
Water - Water is a symbol of life, cleansing, and rebirth. It is a strong life force, and is often depicted as a living, reasoning force.

10. Historical Criticism/Post-Colonial
Views text as a closely related to the time during which an author wrote. Focused on the social, political, economic, cultural, and/or intellectual climate of the time. Examines how other cultures are viewed in terms of an overpowering Western literature base.
Looks at issues of colonization and imperialism
Rejects the idea of marginalized people as “others”
Celebrates “hybridity” (existing in two cultures at once)

11. Modernism/Post-Modernism:
Modernism is a rejection of traditional forms of literature (chronological plots, continuous narratives, closed endings etc.) in favor of experimental forms. They have a nostalgia for the past that they feel is lost so Modernist texts often include multiple allusions. Post-Modernists follow the same principles but celebrate the new forms of fragmentation rather than lamenting them.
Look for ironies within a text
Analyze fragmentation and a mixing of genres and forms
Blurs the line between “high” literature (classics) and popular literature (NY Times Bestsellers)

12. Critical Lenses of The Lion King
Feminist/Gender: Can be viewed as the helpless role females have in society. The female lions are used to provide food and care for the young yet it is the males that have all the power. When Mufasa dies his power transfers to either his son or his brother. His wife is never even considered. Nala is also clearly “stronger” than Simba yet she is considered inferior.

13. Marxist Lens
Marxist: Can be viewed as the upper class (lions) trying to maintain power over an unhappy lower class (hyenas). The lower class resents the privileges of better food and hunting grounds that the upper class maintains. This conflict causes a rebellion, which disrupts the normal social order causing chaos and destruction.

14. Psychoanalytic Lens
Psychoanalytic: Can be viewed as a classic case of sibling rivalry—Scar is savagely jealous of his much stronger and might I say better looking older brother. Can also be viewed as the classic struggle to overcome feelings of guilt or inadequacy—both of which Simba has after the death of his father.

15. Archetypal Lens
Archetypal: Simba represents the classic hero quest. Simba suffers from a loss of a father figure and must go off on a journey to grow into his destiny. During his journey he meets tricksters (Timon/Pumba) who also act as his helpers and finds a mentor (crazy monkey with a stick). Nala also acts as the herald as she upsets the sleepy equilibrium in which the Simba has lived and starts his growth. He then has enough strength (mental and physical) to overcome the villain and restore everything to order.