1. Overview of the Nervous System

2. The Nervous System

3. Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord

4. Somatic Nervous System
innervation

5. Sympathetic Nervous System
Preganglionic neurons:
from CNS to ganglia
short fibers
acetylcholine (ACh)
cholinergic
Postganglionic neurons:
from ganglia to effector
long fibers
norepinephrine (NE)
noradrenergic
1:20

6. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Preganglionic neurons:
from CNS to ganglia
long fibers
Acetylcholine (ACh)
cholinergic
Postganglionic neurons:
from ganglia to effector
short fibers
1:4

7. Animal Cell
Chromatin

8. Axonal Membrane of a Neuron

9. Ion Channels
Cell membrane proteins that pass ions in and out of the cell
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
gates are regulated by membrane voltage
Chemical-Gated Ion Channels (also called Receptors)
gates are regulated by neurotransmitters
Iontotropic
fast
Metabotropic (G-protein coupled)
requires second messenger cascade
slow

10. Chemical-Gated Ion Channels
Iontotropic
Metabotropic

11. Electrochemical Gradient
Inside the Cell
More K+
Less Na+
Outside the Cell
More Na+
Less K+
Ion Flow Mantra: Na+ In, K+ out

12. Depolarization/Hyperpolarization

13. Action Potential Phases2
Rapid 3 1
Threshold 4
Phase Ion responsible Ion Channel Responsible
1. Threshold Na+ Chemical-gated Na+ channel
2. Rapid Depolarization Na+ Voltage-gated Na+ channel
3. Repolarization K+ Voltage -gated K+ channel
4. After Hyperpolarizatoin K+ Na+/K+ pumps

14. Na+/K+ Pumps After the Action Potential,
Na+/K+ pumps move Na+ ions back out of the cell and move K+ ions back into the cell
The movement is against the concentration gradient of each ion so it requires energy (ATP)
The pumps move 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions

15. Unmyelinated Propagation

16. Myelinated Propagation

17. Synaptic Action Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels Synaptic Potentials: EPSP
IPSP

18. Synaptic Potentials Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
triggered by excitatory neurotransmitters
open ligand-gated Na+ channels
allows Na+ to flow inside the cell
causing a slight depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
moves the postsynaptic cell closer to firing an action potential
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
triggered by inhibitory neurotransmitters
open ligand-gated K+ channels or Cl- channels
allows K+ to flow out of the cell or Cl- to flow inside the cell
causing a slight hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell
moves the postsynaptic cell further from firing an action potential

19. The Battle to -55mV
IPSP
EPSP

20. Brain Organization

21. Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in
Ventral Horn: Motor information out

22. Brainstem Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway
motor out pathway
Midbrain
Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Pons
REM sleep
Medulla
breathing center
cardiac center

23. Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
Arousal Center

24. Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear
smell
II. Optic
vision
III. Oculomotor
eye movement
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
face movement
mastication
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
face/tongue movement
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
hearing/balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal
taste/swallowing
X. Vagus
parasympathetic NS
XI. Accessory
neck movement
XII. Hypoglossal
tongue movement
swallowing
Cranial Nerves

25. Cerebellum Motor Coordination Fine tuning of: sensory systems emotions
learning and memory
Autism
decreased cerebellum size

26. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
relay station
Hypothalamus
regulation center

27. Nucleus Reticularis Thalami
NRT:
GABA cells
Gatekeeper

28. Hypothalamic Nuclei hunger/thirst blood pressure/heart rate
blood pressure/shivering
stress
satiety
sex
memory
reproduction
thermoregulation
reproduction
circadian rhythms

29. Limbic System Emotion Rewards Memory smell aggression fear learning
recognition memory
smell recognition?
memory

30. Basal Ganglia Movement Parkinson’s Disease cell death in
substantia nigra

31. Cortical Lobes Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal:
Somatosensory area
Temporal:
Audition, Language
Occipital:
Vision