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Docks and Harbour
Introduction, Requirement of harbor and ports. Classification of harbors, selection of site.
components of ports, Break water types, Methods of construction
Dock floating dick wharves, jetties, Types of fenders.
Tushar Harihar Sonawane
DCE(GPN),BE,AMIE,ME(Structures)
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Introduction
The docks and harbours are the man made structures or group of structures involved in handling of boats or ships, usually on or close to a shore.
Dock is an enclosed area of water used for loading, unloading, building or repairing of ships such as a dock may be created by building or repairing ships.
Types of harbour where water level is controlled
Wet dock or impounded dock
Dry dock
Dockyard of shipyard
Harbour is a sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair or provide facilities for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers.
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3. Requirement of Harbors, Docks and Ports (Necessity)
Harbours are provided for repair, proving facilities for loading and unloading of cargos and passengers and seek refuge during storm.
Docks are for berthing ships, to keep them afloat at uniform level. Necessary because discharging of the cargo of ships requires no. of days during which, if the ship is subjected to vertical movement by the tide, great inconvenience will be caused. Special arrangements will have to be made for the lifting of the cargo.
Ports provides terminal facilities like cargo, stores, landing of passengers etc. Suitable for transporting very heavy materials like oil, steel, food grains, timber etc.
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Types of Harbour
Natural Harbour
Natural formations are used for safe discharge of ships on sea coasts in the form of creeks and basins.
Local geographical features, natural conditions, growth of population etc. created natural harbours more attractive and big
Artificial Harbour
With the use of engineering technology and methods, the shelters are prepared to make natural sea boards more functional known as Artificial Harbours
E.g. Madras Harbour
Semi-natural Harbour
Protected on sides by headlands requires man made protection at the entrances known as Semi natural Harbours
E.g. Vishakhapatnam
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Ports
A harbour in which terminal facilities like cargo, stores, landing of passengers etc. are provided is known as Port.
The harbour has components on both landside and water side that of ports are having everything on the landward side.
Port is under the influence of state government, where the harbour is under the force of central government.
Types of Ports
Depending upon location
Depending upon the use
Depending upon size
River Ports
Grain Ports
Major Ports
Sea Ports
Ports of call
Minor Ports
Canal Ports
Coaling call
Transhipment ports
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Major Ports in India
Mumbai Port
Kolkata Port
Haldia Port
Chennai Port
Kandala Port
JNP Port
Kochi Port
Paradip Port
Goa Port
Tutikorin Port
New Mangalore Port
Vizag Port
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Ports in Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Kakinda Sea Port
Yogayatan Port
Anjali auto Port
Mumbai Port
Krishna Pitnum Port
Dighi Port
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9. Selection of Site for Harbour
Site should have communication and transportation facility.
Availability of cheap construction material
There should be traffic potentiality
There should be favorable marine conditions
There should be natural protection from winds and waves
There should be adequate electrical power and fresh water.
Should have good foundation and subsoil conditions.
Should have industrial development of the locality.
It should have defence aspect as well as strategic aspects.
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Layout of Harbour
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TYPICAL HARBOUR LAYOUT
Main aspects to be considered in harbour layout,
1. Littoral drift
2. Protection from the storm waves
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14. Components of Ports/Harbours
Approach Channel
Entrance Channel
Berthing Basin
Turning Basin for turning of ships
Quays and wharves
Breakwaters
Dry docks and slipways
Jetties and Piers
Lock and Locked basin
Other small components like sheds, buoys, godowns, fire protection towers, lights etc.
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15. Breakwaters (Breakwater wall)
The protective structure constructed to enclose harbours and to keep the harbours water undisturbed from the force of wind generated and from the effect of heavy and strong seas are termed as breakwaters.
It reflects and dissipates the strong sea waves and makes it possible to use the area enclosed as a safe anchorage for ship.
It also facilitates loadings of cargos in calm waters.
The offshore breakwaters are known as bulkheads which reduces the intensity of wave action in inshore water and reduces coastal erosion or provide safe harbourage.
Design of breakwater depends on nature or foundation at bottom, Intensity and characteristics of coastal currents, Max. height of wave, force of prevailing winds, cost and availability of construction materials
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17. Construction of Breakwater
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18. Construction of Breakwater
Constructed at some distance from the coast or built with one end linked to it, sometimes called as sea walls.
Depending upon normal water depth and tidal range they are either fixed or floating.
Usually consist of large pieces of concrete spaced about 50m apart. Breakwater can be either parallel or perpendicular to the coast.
Height of wave should be calculated by H= 0.34√F
F = Sufficient allowance for freeboard
Material should be selected such that foundation will not be subjected to scouring.
Forces like hydrostatic force, external force, solvent action of sea water, sea insects acting on breakwaters are to be considered.
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20. Classification of breakwaters
Vertical wall breakwater
Vertical wall breakwaters are usually constructed of concrete blocks.
It requires less maintenance if designed properly
These are provided under following situations..
Depth of water should be sufficiently great, to prevent breaking waves.
Sea bed should be resistant to corrosion.
Foundation should not subjected to settlement
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2. Rubble mound breakwater
The rubble mound breakwater of a central portion termed as core and protective layer termed as armour.
Core made up of small pieces of stones and quarry run.
Graded stones are provided in between core and armour layer to dissipate energy and protecting finer core material.
The rubble mound breakwater is comparatively safe because looseness of structural elements permits them to settle any damage.
Its wide base helps in distributing the load over a wider area and unit load coming on the base is reduced.
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Wharves
The platforms or landing places are constructed near for vessels to berth is termed as wharves.
These are the walls constructed along the shores or bank
It provides a working platform along the ship in continuity of the shore. Wharves can be built parallel to the shore or projected into water maintaining the level above the high water level.
They shall be well braced and bolted to take care of impact from vessels.
These are provided with rounded corners for the same.
Proper constriction of wharves provides smooth entry of vessels.
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Jetties
It is the piled projected structure built out from the shore to deep water to receive the ships.
Jetties can be constructed in the sea or for the navigable river. Used to birth the vessels
In rivers of deep water jetties are used to divert the waves current.
In case of sea, they are constructed at the entrance of harbour so as to prevent the littoral drift and also constructed at places where sea remain shallow for long distances.
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26. Factors considered in the design of jetties
Location of deposition basin with respect to shoreline
Interior channel alignment
Jetties orientation and typical sediment pathways
Weir elevation and its control on wave transmission
Weir length
Composition of the river
Weir function with respect to long shore sediments
Weir construction material
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28. The jetties are provided to prevent the deposition
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