1. 6.2 – Part I Global Conflicts and Their Consequences
Key Concepts
6.2 – Part I
Global Conflicts and Their Consequences

2. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the twentieth century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of trans-regional political organization by the century’s end:
The older land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors.
Economic hardship
Political and social discontent
Technological stagnation
Military defeat

3. Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
Economic problems
trade competition from Americas
cheap products from India & Far East
development of other trade routes
rising unemployment & near bankruptcy
Political and Social Discontent
Nationalist movements in the Balkans by 1878 (Congress of Berlin) most of Balkans is independent.
Rise of Young Turks (1908) and implementation of constitutional monarchy
Military Defeat
Defeats in the 19th Century lead to loss of territory especially in Balkans
Balkan War
World War I (Backed the Central Powers)
Arab Revolt
Technologically the Ottoman Empire fell vastly behind Europe especially the construction of modern military forces.

4. The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution and Civil War had numerous causes and consequences throughout the 20th Century.
Before the 20th Century numerous uprisings of serfs occurred during Imperial Russian history.
After the Industrial Revolution tensions continued to run high
Unsuccessful Imperial policies also increased tensions
Trouble in 1905:
Violence and Protest erupted in 1905 after defeats in the Russo-Japanese War
Competition over influence and control over Manchuria & Korea
Russian navy humiliated by the Japanese
Workers Strikes, Riots, Revolts by non-Russians, mutiny, and student demonstrations.
Workers created their own representative councils called soviets

5. Russian Revolution
1905 Uprising was brutally suppressed and largely unsuccessful
As a result of the revolution, the tsar’s regime implemented some reluctant /halfhearted reforms (most of which weren’t actually carried out)
Granted a constitution
Legalized trade unions and political parties
Permitted election of a national assembly (the Duma) (dissolved 1907)
Censorship eased
Plans for universal primary education
Continued industrial development

6. Growth of Revolutionary Groups
Most of these groups were socialist
Most effective in the cities
Published pamphlets and newspapers
Organized trade unions
Spread their messages among workers and peasants
Furnished leaders who were able to act when the revolutionary moment arrived

7. The Revolutionary Moment
Key catalyst = World War I
Russian Revolution of 1917 sparked by:
Hardships of WWI
Social tensions of industrialization
Autocratic tsarist regime
This revolution brought to power the Bolsheviks = radical socialist group
Led by Vladimir Lenin

8. Only in Russia… Industrialization caused violent social revolution.
A socialist party, inspired by Karl Marx, was able to seize power.
Modern world’s first socialist society (…sort of)

9. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
Some colonies negotiated their independence.
India & The Gold Coast from the British Empire
Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle.
Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire
Angola from the Portuguese empire S e

10. Indian Independence
While the desire for Indian Independence from British Imperial and Economic domination is not new to the 20th Century it took on a much more concrete nationalistic form.
Indian National Congress formed in 1885:
1905: Swadeshi (Self Sufficient) movement-boycott of imported goods and reliance on Indian made.
1920’s-1947: Non Violence and Civil Resistance movements lead by Mohandas K. Gandhi.
All India Muslim League formed in 1906:
By the 1940’s influential Muslim leaders began calling for independence and separation of Muslim territory from Hindu territory.
Lead by Muhammad Ali Jinnah who began his career with a unified India in mind, but transitioned towards a partition after the INC advocated Gandhi’s non-violence & civil disobedience.

11. Indian Independence
The Indian National Congress and The Muslim League represented unifying nationalist institutions that by the 1930’s represented the viewpoints of the majority of Indians.
1937: Elections bring the INC to power in the majority of Indian Provinces
1939: Controversy over the involvement of India in World War II
Unilateral decision by British Viceroy Linlithgow to support Britain.
Met with resignations and protest on the part of Congressional leaders. (Many of whom supported the fight against fascism)
1942: Quit India Movement (after the battle of Britain) called for by Gandhi, massive civil disobedience ensued but was quelled by the British (INC arrested, Other Parties including Muslim League reject protest and support war effort)
1946: Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in contrast to the service of 2.5 Million Indians in WWII, post war India saw a tremendous upswing in the desire for independence.
1947: India is partitioned into India & Pakistan leading to violent clashes between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims.

12. Ghana
The territory now known as Ghana had been previously known as the Gold Coast in W. Africa.
Involved in the slave trade beginning in the 15th Century
Colonial Administration began in the early 1800’s as Britain continued a policy of policing W. Africa to end the slave trade and stabilize warring tribes. (Industrial Revolution needed the raw materials)
1850 Direct Control of Gold Coast by British governors situated in fortresses along coast.
By the end of WWII Ghana is richest and most educated territory in Africa…leading to nationalism.
One of the big Nationalist leaders being Kwame Nkrumah (we’ll discuss him later along with Gandhi)
By 1956 local control had been ceded to natives with a constitution and recognition in the Commonwealth Realm (Australia, Canada, New Zealand).
Declared a republic by National Referendum in 1960.
(Africa’s Year of Freedom independent states, 1960: 27, with 17 gaining freedom in 1960)

13. Violent Resistance to Imperialism: Algeria
1830: The French violently conquer Algeria.
: Algerians fight in WWI…leading to nationalism within African territories (including Algeria)
After World War II violent resistance to French rule begins (1954)
Algeria and Vietnam both take up arms against France
Algerian war marked with bombings, torture, and acts of terrorism (freedom fighting?) and lasts until 1962 when a cease fire is announced and independence occurs. 200,000+ killed.

14. Violent Resistance to Imperialism: Vietnam
Vietnam (Cold War in Asia)
Colonization of Vietnam began under Napoleon III in 1858 and was completed by 1884.
During WWII Vietnam (Part of French Indochina) was occupied by Japan.
Nationalist leaders like Ho Chi Minh provided a unified Vietnamese effort to expel the French who tried to re-occupy the colony after WWII.
First Indochina War
French defeated in 1954 at Battle of Dien Bien Phu
American forces became involved as early as 1954 in support of French and non-Communist Vietnamese forces.
Would eventually be called the Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964
Tet Offensive 1968
American Withdrawal by 1975

15. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires & the restructuring of states.
Nationalist leaders in Asia & Africa challenged imperial rule.
Mohandas Gandhi (India)
Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Indian Muslims) lead directly to the creation of Pakistan
The Québécois movement (French Canadians) attempts to secede from Canada
Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries.
Communism: See: communist manifesto and USSR calling for worldwide revolution
Pan-Arabism: Arab Nationalism (popular in 1950’s-60’s) Anti-West, Arabia and N. Africa.
Pan-Africanism: Desire for collective self reliance among Africans. Kwame Nkrumah, Malcolm X
Movements to redistribute land & resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, & Latin America, sometimes advocating communism & socialism.

16. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements.
The India/Pakistan partition
The Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine
The division of the Middle East into mandatory states

17. The Global South
“The Global South” formerly labeled “third-world countries” during the Cold War
Now often referred to as “developing nations”
“Decolonization”: Global South’s independence from European rule

18. The Global South
Challenges facing the Global South after decolonization:
The legacies of empire
Deep divisions of language, ethnicity, religion, and class
Rapidly growing populations
Competing demands of the capitalist West and the communist East
Developing economies, stable politics, and coherent nations all at the same time

19. The End of Empire in World History
Dissolution of empires is nothing new
Think about the end of older empires: Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongols, etc.
What’s different about the end of these empires?
Mobilization of the masses within the colonies around a nationalist ideology
Creation of a large number of independent nation-states following the empire’s breakdown each claiming an equal place in the world
Kwame Nkrumah after leaving prison in 1951
Led Ghana to national
independence in 1957

20. Nation-States Created