1. EMPIRE & EXPANSION

2. WATERSHED PERIOD 1870 - 1900 Pre-Civil War 20th Century
Agricultural Industrial
ECONOMY
DEMOGRAPHICS
POPULATION
FOREIGN
POLICY
Rural Urban
Homogenous Heterogeneous
Isolationism Imperialism

3. EARLY IMPERIALISM ALASKA
Revival of Manifest Destiny & rids continent of another foreign power
P – Johnson
Sec. of State William Seward
1867, $7.2 million
“Seward’s Folly”
Seward kept BR & FR from entering war with the Confederacy. Wanted HI and the West Indies too, but didn’t get Congress to agree.

4. EARLY IMPERIALISM FRENCH IN MEXICO
Napoleon's nephew in charge in 1860’s
Went to MX during Civil War to take control
At end of Civil War, Seward threatened military action based on Monroe Doctrine
French left Mexico

5. HAWAII Primary U.S. interest: sugar
White minority dominate HI government
1875 Reciprocity Treaty
HI sugar duty free to US; HI agrees not to yield territory to a foreign power; US gets Pearl Harbor as base, 1887
McKinley Tariff Act, 1890
Discontinued reciprocity; hit HI hard

6. HAWAII Queen Liliuokalani – “Hawaii for Hawaiians” Movement, 1891
1893 coup by American businessmen (Dole) & Marines
Cleveland refused to annex - “Violation of our
national honesty”
BUT, can’t return Queen to power without fighting Americans
McKinley annexes in July 1898 for naval base
halfway between U.S. and Philippines

7. Alfred Thayer Mahan Josiah Strong
Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis, 1885
Racial Social Darwinism
Anglo-Saxons (whites) are most fit
Duty to colonize & spread democracy & their superior civilization
Fuels beliefs of many missionaries
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1890
Good friend of TR!
Strong navy necessary for global power; naval race
Congress agrees
3rd largest navy in world by 1900

8. Latin America BIG SISTER POLICY Pan American Conference
1889, Washington, DC
Organization for trade cooperation – Latin American nations & US
Now part of the OAS
Monroe's Doctrine and the Venezuelan Squall
The area between British Guiana and Venezuela had been in dispute for over 50 years.  When gold was discovered in the contested area, the prospect of a peaceful resolution faded.
Secretary of State to President Cleveland, Richard Olney, claimed that if Britain attempted to dominate Venezuela in the quarrel and gain more territory, then it would be violating the Monroe Doctrine.  When Britain flatly rejected the relevance of the Monroe doctrine, President Cleveland stated that the United States would fight for it.
Although somewhat annoyed by the weaker United States, Britain chose to not to fight a war.  Britain's rich merchant marine was vulnerable to American commerce raiders, Russia and France were unfriendly, and Germany was about to challenge the British naval supremacy.
With their eyes open to the European peril, Britain was determined to cultivate an American friendship.  The Great Rapprochement, or reconciliation, between the United States and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies.
James G. Blaine, Sec. of State
Attempt to rally the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to open Latin American markets to American traders.
How did the British Venezuelan dispute involve the Monroe Doctrine?

9. The Spanish-American War

10. CAUSES OF THE WAR: MANIFEST DESTINY!!
Increased population, wealth, & industrial production gave Americans a sense of power
Manufacturers were looking for overseas markets
Social Darwinism also justified overseas expansion
U.S. as “fittest” needs to improve other nations
Alfred Thayer Mayan – “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”
Great nations have great navy…. overseas naval bases
HUMANITARIAN REASONS – protection of Cubans:
Reports published of inhumane treatment of the Cubans by the Spanish

11. The Cuban Resistance
Cubans had been revolting against Spain since 1895 – many years of misrule. Cubans torched their sugar cane fields hoping Spain would leave or that America would intervene.
General Weyler came to Cuba to put down the resistance….put many into concentration camps that were terrible and killed many.
Americans called for action – Cleveland did nothing.

12. CAUSES OF THE WAR: YELLOW JOURNALISM!!
Rival NY newspapermen Wm. Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer tried to scoop each other to sell papers
misleading pictures like this one common
women were searched by other women not men
de Lôme Letter - Feb. 9, 1898 published by Hearst - Spanish ambassador insulted McKinley
“Remember the Maine!” articles on the mysterious explosion in Feb. 1898
The strip search drawing was done by Frederic Remington for Hearst.

13. William Randolph HearstVs
Joseph Pulitzer

14. USS Maine, 15 Feb. 1898

15. WAR DECLARED!! McKinley asks & Congress declares war – April 25, 1898
Congress adds TELLER AMENDMENT to War Declaration:
Promises freedom to liberated Cubans after Spanish are defeated
Did McKinley really want war? No, didn’t like war or violence and felt it would upset business.
But, sent war message to Congress anyway:
seemed inevitable
opposing it would split America and Republican Party
America had to defend democracy

16. War!
Although it was a war to liberate the Cuban people, the SAW actually started in the Philippines.
May 1, Dewey’s Battle at Manila Bay, took all of 6 hours to complete just 6 days after war was declared.
How was this possible?
The first battle was in the sea near the Philippines, on May 1, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the United States Pacific fleet, in a matter of hours, defeated the Spanish squadron, without sustaining a single casualty, at the Battle of Manila Bay. The success of the Pacific Fleet was due to the Spanish Navy being outdated and trapped strategically in the narrow bay. AND, U.S. Navy was there because of Assistant Sec. of the Navy – TEDDY ROOSEVELT – who sent them over right after the Maine explosion …. wait on war declaration and then make a surprise attack.
Then, Dewey sent some forces into the Philippines and attacked the Spanish on land, had to wait on reinforcements, successfully defeating them at the Battle of Manila, where the Spanish surrendered Manila. Worked with Filipino insurgents – Aguinaldo.
NOTE: Sec. of Navy, John D. Long, and Assistant Sec’y TR had modernized U.S. navy – very sleek and sharp.
“Fire when ready, Gridley.” Commodore George Dewey

17. Meanwhile back in Cuba . . . American forces invaded in June
Teddy Roosevelt, the “Rough Riders” (& black 10th Cavalry) successfully take San Juan Hill
Rough Riders: college athletes, miners, cowboys, law officers, etc. formed into a cavalry unit by Teddy Roosevelt

18. Charge at San Juan Hill, Frederick Remington

19. “I should welcome almost any war for I think this country needs one
“I should welcome almost any war for I think this country needs one.” Theodore Roosevelt

20. Battle at Santiago Harbor
Victory!
Battle at Santiago Harbor
Spanish fleet, Admiral Cervera, headed into this harbor and was promptly blockaded by U.S.
Eventually tries to break blockade & whole fleet destroyed outside of Santiago harbor on July 3
Spanish surrendered July 17, 1898
Armistice signed on Aug. 12
For more than a month, the two fleets faced off, with only a few inconclusive skirmishes resulting. For his part, Cervera was content to wait, hoping for bad weather to scatter the Americans so that he could make a run to a position more favorable for engaging the enemy. However, U.S. land forces began to drive on Santiago de Cuba, and by the end of June 1898, Cervera found himself unable to remain safely in the harbor. He would have to break out immediately if the fleet was to be saved.
The U.S. ships at Santiago, for their part, suffered many hits in the battle but very little serious damage. The small armed yacht Vixen was nearly sunk, but casualties on the American side of the affair were remarkably light; only one man was killed,
Spanish casualties numbered nearly 500, including Captain Villaamil of Furor, the highest-ranking Spanish officer to lose his life in the battle. All six vessels of the Spanish squadron were lost. The 1,612 Spanish sailors rescued.

21. U.S. troops march into & occupy Puerto Rico, July 1898
Hawaii also annexed at this time. Why?

22. TREATY OF PARIS, 1898 U.S. GETS: PHILIPPINES – AT COST OF $20 MILLION
PUERTO RICO
GUAM
SPAIN GIVES UP CONTROL OVER CUBA
CUBA IS NOW AN INDEPENDENT NATION
5000 U.S. lives lost in this war , mostly due to ?
Efficiency of Army & Navy in this war?
TR had actually demanded that U.S. gov’t take all the troops out before they died – typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever.
If Spain had been able to hold on a few months longer…. All could have been very different.

23. “It has been a splendid little war; begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave.” John Hay, US Secretary of State

24. EFFECTS OF THE WAR U.S. has moved to a foreign policy of imperialism.
U.S. is now seen as a world power to be respected.
Naval expansion
Large increase in U.S. Hispanic population
U.S. became a player in the Far East
this would help involve us in future wars
Defeating yellow fever ended epidemics in the southeast & made the Panama Canal possible
Acquisition of Hawaii
The last “romantic war” - last use of cavalry in war
German rivals jealous & Latin American neighbors are suspicious!
Whole war only lasted 113 days!

26. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM . . .