1. What does each picture represent?
Why is this important in relation to China?
Farming Commune/The Great Leap Forward:
The hallmark of Chinese Communism. Mao ensured that the majority of citizens worked on communal farms, serving the communist state
Chairman Mao: the leader of the Communist Party of China.
President of China.
Students/Youth/The Cultural Revolution:
Mao’s power extended so far that he changed how people thought.

2. The Four Modernisations

3. We are learning to… Describe the ways Deng Xioping modernised China
Explain why modernisation benefitted the Chinese people.
Structure exam style answers

4. I can… Accurately describe the Four Modernisations of China
Explain in detail, the positive effects of modernisation for Chinese citizens
Structure an exam style answer.

5. Chairman Mao was revered by the Chinese people as almost God-like.
When he died in 1978, there was great fear amongst the Chinese people that China would collapse and the country would be plunged into crisis.
Instead, the country changed dramatically!
The new President brought about many changes – modernisations – which helped to make China the international superpower it is today.

6. A New President; New Style
Discussion Point:
In what ways do the mottos of the two Presidents show their different approaches to ruling?
A New President; New Style
Following Chairman Mao’s passing, Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China.
pronounced dung sh-ow-ping
He was President from 1978 until he died in He instituted the Four Modernisations, in an effort make China more modern and richer.
While Mao’s was ‘To serve the people’, Deng’s was ‘To get rich is glorious’.

7. TASK 1
TASK 2
Take a full page in your jotter and split it into 4 sections.
Label each section as follows:
- Agriculture
Defence
Science
Industry
You will be split into “expert” groups.
Each person will take a different Modernisation and go to the appropriate station.
Take detailed notes on the Modernisation you have been assigned in the allotted time.

8. Task 3
You must now report back to your group and explain your assigned Modernisation to the others. Fill in the rest of your tables using the info you have gained from your experts. As a group answer the following question: How did the Four Modernisations benefit the people of China?

9. Recap: Agriculture
Under Mao, agriculture had operated under the Commune System. This meant that whole communities of around 4,000-5,000 families operated as a single unit. China feel into a nationwide Famine as the “Great Leap Forward” failed.
Deng abolished the Commune System, and replaced it with the Responsibility System. Now, as long as farmers meet (a much-reduced) quota every month, they are allowed to sell any extra produce on the open market and make a profit. This can then be used to buy machinery, which can in turn be used to produce even more, and make even more money for the farmers.

10. Recap: Agriculture Task
Farmers had more incentive to farm, as they could make a profit. For the first time in Chinese history, there were no mass food shortages.
Many small farmers went out of business because they could not grow enough crops to compete with the large farms.
China is now the world’s largest producer of rice and wheat.
Large farms have become very successful, and have greatly improved the Chinese economy.
Many young men have abandoned rural areas because there are no jobs, and headed to the city to try and find work.
Sort the five effects of the AGRICULTURE MODERNISATION into ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES and copy them into your jotter.

11. Recap: Defence
Deng wanted a more Western-style, modern army that served the government, rather than the people.
Deng placed civilians in key leadership positions.
Reduced the number of soldiers and increased the level of technology used. Between 1980 and 1987, Deng reduced the size of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) from 4.5 million to 3 million, and massively improved soldier’s training.
Investment in the defence industry also increased.

12. Recap: Science
Mao’s Cultural Revolution almost destroyed the Science and Technology industries in China as teachers, academics and researchers were forced onto farm communes, jailed or killed. Deng set out to change this, introducing Science and Technology as a major national priority and not only encouraged Chinese universities to undertake research, but also encouraged them to partner with foreign organisations in an effort to improve research. He also got help from the UN Development Programme to produce advertising campaigns designed to improve the reputation of science and technology.

13. Recap: Industry
Under Mao, all factories and industrial plants were owned and run by the government. Everyone in urban areas was guaranteed a job for life in the government-run industries. The government set wages at a certain level for everyone, and dictated what job everyone did. In return, everyone had a job, medical care, company housing and enough food to eat. It was a system in which everyone had enough to live on, and no-one was able to get rich. This system was known as The Iron Rice Bowl.

14. He did this through The Open Door Policy.
Deng ended the Iron Rice Bowl, and moved towards a more Capitalist system, where private industry was allowed, and pay was linked to performance.
He also aimed to bring in foreign investment for the first time since Mao took power.
He did this through The Open Door Policy.
One of the most important parts of the Open Door Policy was the introduction of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). These are special areas where Chinese people and foreigners are encouraged to start businesses.

15. Most SEZs are on the Southeast coast of China, as raw materials can be imported easily, and completed goods can be exported easily.
Incentives are offered to encourage people to set up in these areas. These incentives include the businesses being sold land very cheaply, not paying tax until two years after they have started to make profits and no taxes on imported raw materials.

16. Recap: Industry Task What was the Iron Rice Bowl?
Why did Deng want to end the Iron Rice Bowl?
How did the Open Door Policy change Chinese industry?
What are Special Economic Zones?
What are the special incentives China offers to businesses in order to encourage them to set up in the SEZs?
Write down four examples of SEZs.

17. Four Modernisations for a Modern China…
Now that we are all EXPERTS in the Four Modernisations we should be able to answer exam style questions!

18. Many Countries have changed greatly over the last fifty years.
Explain, in detail, how the People’s Republic of China has changed over the last fifty years.
There are TWO types of exam style question in Modern Studies – Describe and Explain. You answer both using the same structure:
P.E.E
Point. Explain. Example

19. P.E.E Style Answer
‘Describe’ and ‘Explain’ questions.
Point: state clearly the point you are making.
Explain: explain the point in detail ensuring you refer back to the question.
Example: Give up to date examples to support your point.
POINT: One way that China has changed in the last fifty years by modernising its military.
EXPLAIN: This means that China has tried to cut down the number of soldiers it has, and has greatly increased the level of training and technology available. They have also greatly increased their defence spending.
EXAMPLE: Between 1996 and 2008, China increased its defence spending from less than $20 billion to more than $80 billion.

20. Many Countries have changed greatly over the last fifty years.
Explain, in detail, how the People’s Republic of China has changed over the last fifty years.
Create another P.E.E paragraph, using the information you have gained on either science, agriculture or industry.
If you are struggling, use the writing frame below:
POINT: One way that China has changed in the last fifty years by modernising its _____________________
EXPLAIN: This means that China has _____________________________________________EXAMPLE: For example,_______________________.

21. HOMEWORK
Answer the following question, using the P.E.E method: Describe, in detail, the positive effects of Modernisation for the Chinese people (6 marks) Remember: P.E.E x 2 to gain 6 marks. Hint: You can use the same examples you used previously, as long as you say why they have helped Chinese people!

22. We were learning to… Describe the ways Deng Xioping modernised China
Explain why modernisation benefitted the Chinese people.
Structure exam style answers

23. Did I… Accurately describe the Four Modernisations of China
Explain, in detail, the positive effects of modernisation for Chinese citizens
Structure an exam style answer.