1. Events leading to Succession

2. Add to SLM Unit 7 8-4.3 Vocabulary:
John C. Calhoun
Missouri Compromise
Nullification Crisis
Force Bill
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Brooks-Sumner Affair
Dred Scott
EQ #1 – What were the key issues that lead to SC leaving the Union?
Add to SLM Unit

3. 8-4.3
Analyze the key issues that led to SC’s secession from the Union, including the nullification controversy and John C. Calhoun, the extension of slavery and the compromises over westward expansion, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, and the election of 1860

4. In 1819 Missouri applied for admission into the Union as a slave state

5. This would break the balance of free and slave states

6. After months of debate Congress reached a compromise

7. This Compromise Became Known as the MISSOURI COMPROMISE

8. The Missouri Compromise consisted of two parts:

9. Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine (part of Massachusetts) would enter the union as a free state

10. A line was drawn westward from Missouri’s Southern border at 36º/ 30 minutes north latitude

11. Land north of this line would be free – South of the line would be slave

12. The Missouri Compromise said that slavery was illegal north of the line, but it said nothing about new territories

13. Protective Tariff
Designed to raise import taxes on goods from foreign countries
….make them more expensive than US goods
…so people will buy US “stuff”
Benefited- emerging industries in the North Hurt – agricultural South
by make them pay more for goods
whether from the US or from GB

14. US Congress passed tariff in 1828
– John C Calhoun wrote “SC Exposition and
Compact Theory – States are more powerful
Protest”
than the Federal Union that was the US
Claimed (under Compact Theory)
– it was a state’s right to declare a law (such as the 1828 tariff) unconstitutional and “nullify” it through a special state convention
John C. Calhoun was the US Vice President
This idea threatened the unity of the US and the “exclusive” right of the
Supreme Court to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutional
and was greatly debated across the country!

15. Theory of Nullification
–John C Calhoun (1828)
• it was within a state’s right to declare a law unconstitutional and “nullify” it through a special state convention if it did not “benefit” or harmed a state

16. South Carolinians…
Split into
States’ Rights Party (Nullifiers)
Union Party (Unionists)
In 1832, the Nullifiers won control of South Carolina’s General Assembly

17. Nullification Crisis of 1832 Issue:
Event:
Nullification Crisis of 1832
Issue:
The US government issued another protective tariff to benefit northern manufactured goods.
SC called a meeting to nullify, or abolish
the tariff.
John C. Calhoun (from SC)
resigned as Vice President of the US
was elected to the Senate
was a strong voice against the tariff and
for Nullification

18. Result & Significance:
At the convention called to discuss the new tariff, SC decided to nullify the tariff;
however, none of the other southern states supported SC
Why did this matter?
President Andrew Jackson
condemned the flouting of federal law AND
Urged Congress to pass a “Force Bill”

19. SC repealed its nullification of the tariff
“Force Bill”
authorizing the national government to send troops to collect the tariff in SC
A compromise ended the crisis
Congress lowered the tariff
&
SC repealed its nullification of the tariff

20. Because of this, the State’s Rights Theory continued to be debated.
South Carolina then…
Nullified the “Force Bill”
thus asserting a state’s right to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional in that state.
Force Bill was never put into effect
Tariff controversy had been solved
Confrontation was avoided
Because of this, the State’s Rights Theory continued to be debated.

25. Allowing California to enter as a free state gave the North a majority in the Senate
But…Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed slavery if they chose it. Also … Fugitive Slave Law required escaped slaves be returned to the South

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
written in protest of Fugitive Slave act and evoked sympathy for fugitive slaves.
Southerners decried the “misconceptions” about slavery portrayed in the book.
truckandbarter.com

28. Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Not the way the concept of popular sovereignty was supposed to work!!!
In order to affect the vote
– Northern abolitionists and Southern slave owners “temporarily” moved into the Kansas Territory.
Fighting began
anti-slavery supporters proslavery supporters
between
The fighting led people to call the area “Bleeding Kansas.”

32. Event: Dred Scott Decision (1857)
An attempt by the Supreme Court to end the controversy over the role of free states in determining the status of the enslaved.
Issue:
Dred Scott ~ a slave whose master had taken him into free territory.
With the help of Northern Abolitionists Scott sued his master for his freedom claiming
“Once Free, Always Free”

33. Result & Significance:
The Supreme Court ruled:
African Americans were not citizens of the US, even if born in the US
therefore, they had no right to sue in the Supreme Court
In fact, they had no rights at all.
Also that Scott (slave) was property
the Constitution of the United States protects the owner of property from having that property taken away by the government.
The Supreme Court further ruled:
Congress could not pass measures such as the Missouri Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act limiting the expansion of slavery into territories
Such acts are unconstitutional because they deny the slave owner the right to take his property anywhere that he wanted.

34. Result & Significance CONT: Northerners were angry – claimed:
The Supreme Court would deny them the right to outlaw slavery in their states
would end the idea of “Popular Sovereignty”
limit democracy
South Carolinians
Applauded the decision
Accepted the Supreme Court’s ruling as the final word on the issue.

35. Debates over the Dred Scott decision took
place all over the country.
One of the people who became well known in these debates was Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
Democratic
Party
Split
Further!

36. Event: John Brown and Harper’s Ferry Issue: John Brown – abolitionist who believed in the right to do away with slavery, even if violence was required. (had participated in bloody massacre of several pro-slavery people in Kansas – remember “bleeding Kansas”) Attempted to stir up slaves to join in revolt

37. Oct. 16, 1859 - Brown and his followers captured
the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
(Arsenal – storehouse of military goods ~ guns & ammunition)
Result & Significance:
US Army stormed the arsenal
Brown and his followers were killed or captured
John Brown was later tried and then hanged.
The publicity surrounding the trial heightened
sectionalism.
Stoked fears of southern slave owners that abolitionists and freed slaves would be a danger to their lives as well as their livelihoods.