1. Energy The ability to perform work
Ex: your heart muscle does work every time it beats
Two basic forms of energy
Potential
kinetic

2. Is stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangement
Potential Energy
Is stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangement

3. Kinetic Energy Energy of motion Anything that is moving
Kinetic - “motion”

4. Thermal Energy Energy that has been transferred
From areas that are warmer to cooler

5. Chemical Energy
Organic compounds store energy (potential) in the way their atoms are arranged.
This is called chemical energy

6. Types of Organisms
Some Organisms use sunlight to make food in a process called photosynthesis:
These organisms are called AUTOTROPHS or PRODUCERS.
These organisms are called HETEROTROPHS or CONSUMERS.
Some organisms cannot use sunlight to make food-they must eat instead:

7. Types of Organisms
No matter how organisms get their food ALL get their energy FROM THE FOOD in the SAME way.
Cellular Respiration

8. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is a Process in which organisms create ATP from the food they make or eat.

9. What is ATP? Adenosine Tri-Phosphate: Made of three things
1.) Ribose (sugar)
2.) Adenosine (base)
3.) Three phosphates
Key to the activity of ATP is release energy as the bonds break between the phosphates

10. ATP
ADP
AMP
ATP to ADP To ADP releases energy

11. Cellular Respiration
During Cellular Respiration we take potential energy (stored energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP.
ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work)
The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalories
The more energy a type of food can release the more calories it has

12. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: catabolic, exergonic, aerobic process that uses energy to extract ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from an organic molecule called glucose
Catabolic: breaks molecules down
Exergonic: releases energy
Aerobic: oxygen (O2) requiring

13. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is similar to breathing and respiration
Breathing and respiration is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the outside air
Cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the blood

14. Cellular Respiration
Makes up to 38 ATP
Cellular Respiration uses the glucose we eat and the glucose plants make as well as the oxygen we breathe to create up to 38 ATP as well as the carbon dioxide we breathe out and water.

15. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration takes place in three stages and in different places of the cell.
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol)Mitochondrial Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport Chain: Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane

16. Cellular Respiration:
Mitochondria
The mitochondria is designed to complete cellular respiration with maximum energy production.
> There are many folds in the membrane to increase surface area and allows many reactions of Cellular Respiration to occur at once.
This produces a lot of ATP.

17. Cellular Respiration is broken into three main parts.
1.) Glycolysis: sugar splitting phase
(glucose is the sugar)
2.) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
Extracts the energy from glucose
3.) Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase:
Turns the energy into ATP for
the body to use
*In total makes from 34 to 38 ATP**

18. A. Energy investment phase Begin with a Glucose molecule
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria in two phases.
A. Energy investment phase
Begin with a Glucose molecule
Put 2 ATP in to start the reaction
B. Energy yielding phase
Create 4 ATP
MAIN GOAL: To split glucose (sugar splitting)

19. Glycolysis
Process:
Invest 2 ATP to start the reaction and a Glucose molecule
Split glucose molecule in half to create two molecules of Pyruvic Acid (each having 3-Carbons)
Produces two molecules of NADH from NAD+
Produces 4 new ATP molecules
NET GAIN: 2 ATP (4 Produced - 2 Invested)

20. Glycolysis
Reactants
2 ATP Molecules
1 Glucose Molecule
2 NAD+ Molecules
4 ADP Molecules
Products
2 ADP Molecules
2 Pyruvate Molecules
2 NADH Molecules
4 ATP Molecules

21. Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Main Goal: To Break down pyruvate (pyruvic acid) into carbon dioxide and Acetyl Co-A and release more energy
Process:
-Each pyruvate loses one carbon and makes a 2
carbon molecule called Acetyl CoA
-The carbon joins with the oxygen (aerobic) that breathe
in to create the carbon dioxide we exhale
-The Acetyl Co-A can then diffuse into the matrix of the
mitochondria

22. One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid)
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Since there are two molecules of Acetyl Co A entering the Krebs cycle there must be two turns of the cycle.
One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid) 1. 2.

23. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Reactants:
Products from glycolysis
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
ADP
Oxygen
FAD
NAD+
Products:
4 Carbon Molecule to be recycled
ATP
Carbon Dioxide
FADH2
NADH

24. Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain
Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria
Main Goal: Use hydrogen ions and electrons to make
up to 34 ATP
Process:
-All NADH and FADH2 are electron carrier
molecules
- Made from glycolysis and Krebs cycle
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and
hydrogen ions to make ATP

25. Electron Transport Chain
Reactants:
ALL NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
ADP
Products:
NAD+ and FAD
ATP

26. Fermentation
In some cases there is little to no oxygen present and organisms still need energy. Since cellular respiration is an aerobic process it cannot occur with out oxygen.
-Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is present (anaerobic)
-Two Types
1. Lactic Acid: Completes glycolysis and
produces lactic acid
2. Alcoholic: Completes glycolysis and
produces alcohol

27. 3.There are two primary fermentation processes:
If no oxygen is available, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.
A common anaerobic process is fermentation.
2. Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the formation of far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration.
3.There are two primary fermentation processes:
-Lactic Acid Fermentation
-Alcohol Fermentation

28. 4. Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available.
For example, in muscle tissues during rapid and vigorous exercise, muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen. They then switch from cellular respiration to fermentation.

29. The pyruvates formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid
The pyruvates formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid. In this process the NADH are recycled allowing glycolysis to continue.

30. b. The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the
absence of oxygen.
However this shift is only temporary and most
cells need oxygen for sustained activity.

31. c. Lactic acid that builds up in muscle tissue is believed to be a cause of muscle soreness.

32. 5. Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts and some bacteria.
a. Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol
(usually ethanol) and carbon dioxide.

33. b. Again notice that the fermentation process recycles the NADH allowing glycolysis to continue.

34. Fermentation is used in food production.
Yogurt - Soy Sauce
Cheese - Vinegar
Bread - Olives/Pickles
Beer/ Meade - Wine/ Ale
Sauerkraut - Malt