1. Malaria Facts
Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part!

2. Malaria Facts
Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part!
Malaria has protected Western Africa from European colonization!

3. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!

4. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!
1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered.

5. Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!
1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered.
1897: the vector host was discovered by Ronald Ross. But it did not matter since there was no attempt to control it!

6. Malaria in History Ancient references China, Assyria, India
500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description

7. Malaria in History Historical Impacts 413 BC Fall of Greek empire
Ancient references
China, Assyria, India
500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description
Historical Impacts
413 BC Fall of Greek empire
323 BC Alexander the Great died of malaria
The Roman Empire: Malaria is generally considered to have played a role in the decline of Rome, a city located in marshland, where malaria is transmitted

8. History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria

9. History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.

10. History 1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent

11. History 1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors

12. History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors
1930’s malaria diminished in U.S. except for southeast. Conversion of swamp to agriculture.

13. 1882
1912
1934

16. History
World War II. In 1942, 2678 cases from 1,000 men; ran out of drug for treatment.

17. History
Gen. Douglas MacArthur in May 1943: "Doctor," he said, "this will be a long war if for every division I have facing the enemy I must count on a second division in hospital with malaria and a third division convalescing from this debilitating disease!" The general was not at all worried about defeating the Japanese, but he was greatly concerned about the failure up to that time to defeat the Anopheles mosquito.

18. History
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!

19. History Brought about chemical insecticides. DDT was a result of WWII
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!
Brought about chemical insecticides.
DDT was a result of WWII
And a few year later there were only 50/1000

20. History
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!
Brought about chemical insecticides.
DDT was a result of WWII
And a few year later there were only 50/1000
So after the war there was a false hope of eradicating malaria from the world!

21. History
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.

22. History
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.
1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease.

23. History 1970. Malaria decreased dramatically.
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.
1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease.
1970. Malaria decreased dramatically.

24. Eradication of Malaria
So why did the campaign fail?
1) Insecticides (DDT)
Environmental damage!

25. Eradication of Malaria
So why did the campaign fail?
1) Insecticides (DDT)
Environmental damage!

26. Pesticide Resistance
Rapid Reproduction
Selection
DDT

27. Pesticide Resistance
Rapid Reproduction
Selection
DDT

28. Eradication of Malaria
2) Plasmodium
Wide use of chloroquine has led to drug resistant strains!

29. Eradication of Malaria
3) Social/Political Reasons
Emerging nations in Africa were trying to be free from external (Western European nations) domination; much of the monetary resources stopped flowing in!

30. There are some general genotypes that are resistant to malaria
Genetic resistance to Plasmodium
2 examples

31. Duffy Blood Group Noticed in military groups in Vietnam.
African Americans had less severe cases or no cases of malaria!

32. Genetic Resistance Plasmodium vivax Duffy blood groups
Proteins on cell surface
3 alleles
A Dominant
B Dominant
y recessive
A =
B =
y = no proteins

33. Genetic Resistance Plasmodium vivax Duffy blood groups
Proteins on cell surface
3 alleles
A Dominant
B Dominant
y recessive
A =
B =
y = no proteins AB AA BB Ay By yy

34. Genetic Resistance yy genotype has advantage
P. vivax malaria resistance
Only advantageous if P. vivax malaria endemic
40% people of W. African decent
0.1% people of non-African decent
P. vivax keeps the allele common in Africa.

35. Genetic Resistance Sickle celled anemia
Codominant trait (Allele “A” and “B”)
AA have sickle celled anemia
AB have both types of cells
Sickle cells don’t support species of Plasmodium well.
Resistance to infection

36. Genetic Resistance AA selected against AB selected for
Sickle celled anemia
AB selected for
Both sickle and normal cells
BB selected against
Normal cells
If malaria is not endemic, what alleles will be selected for? Against?
Allele for sickle cells maintained in the population even though strongly disadvantageous to have both alleles.

37. Genetic Resistance

38. Sickle Celled Anemia
In the US, 10% of African Americans have this allele!

39. Other forms of Resistance to Malaria
Babies get antibodies from their moms breast milk; they are protected until weaned.
Once weaned becomes susceptible again!