2. November 9, 2015 Dr. Jeffrey Musser http://www.ghananewsagency.org Bugs in your Blood: Malaria!

3. Malaria’s Impact Worldwide Incidence 200 million clinical cases

4. Malaria’s Impact Worldwide Incidence 200 million clinical cases 500,000 deaths each year 400,000 are children < 5 yrs. old 46 children per hour

5. Malaria Where does malaria occur? What is malaria? What is the history of malaria? How people get malaria? What are the clinical signs? - what happens to infected people? - life cycle of malaria?

6. Questions Malaria in Texas - how did it get here and why is it not here now?

7. Misinformation on the Web

8. Where does malaria occur? World Health Organization, January 2004 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn

10. Population Map Worldmapper.org Land Area Map Territories are sized in proportion to the absolute number of people (i.e. population)

11. Population Map Worldmapper.org Territories are sized in proportion to the absolute number of people who died from malaria in one year Malaria Deaths Map

12. Worldmapper.org Land Area Map

13. What is Malaria?

14. Art.com

15. What is Malaria? Art.com

17. What is Malaria? Art.com

18. What is Malaria? Art.com protozoan parasite, a single-celled organisms, that infects red blood cells Plasmodium sp.

19. Early History Has infected man during known history Originated in Africa and followed human migration Malaria

20. Where and when did Malaria first occur?

21. AFRICA

22. Where and when did Malaria first occur?

23. Malaria 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Nei Ching 2700 BC Great cold, intense shivering, body convulsing Fever up to 106º, great thirst Massive headaches ~6 hours, fever breaks Cycles every 48 or 72 hrs., depending on malaria species

24. Miasma theory poisonous air exhaled by decaying vegetable matter, especially by swamps

25. Malaria lifecycle before 1876 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Miasma

26. Charles Laveran Military physician stationed in Algeria in 1876

27. Malaria in 1876 Algeria

28. Malaria in 1876 Algeria

29. What did he see? Plasmodium spp. protozoan parasite – single-celled organisms

30. Malaria lifecycle

31. Malaria in 1897 India

32. Malaria in 1897 India

33. Sir Ronald Ross India 1897 20 August 1897 Found the malaria protozoan in the stomach of an Anopheles mosquito…

34. “… clear and almost perfectly circular outline … another, and another exactly similar cell. Here was the clue … the mosquito itself had become infected”

35. The Anopheles mosquito was the vector An organism (such as an insect or rodent) that transmits a pathogen

36. Malaria lifecycle

39. Infected mosquito Mosquito gets infected

40. Malaria lifecycle Infected mosquito Mosquito gets infected

41. Malaria lifecycle & illness 3 Demons

42. Malaria 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Nei Ching 2700 BC Great cold, intense shivering, body convulsing Fever up to 106º, great thirst Massive headaches ~6 hours, fever breaks Cycles every 48 or 72 hrs., depending on malaria species

43. Malaria lifecycle & illness 3 Demons

44. Malaria is species specific Humans Primates Birds Reptiles All Plasmodium but different species

45. http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-malaria-parasite.html

46. Malaria comes to the Americas

47. No malaria prior to 1492

48. Malaria comes to the Americas 1492 – European exploration

49. Malaria in the U.S. circa 1850

50. Malaria in the U.S. circa 1912

51. Malaria in the U.S. circa 2015

52. For Malaria to persist, need Vector – Anopheles mosquitoes Reservoir – where the mosquitoes get the parasite Host – the animal that gets infected

53. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir 2015

54. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir Increase resistance of host

55. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Is the vector in Texas? Mosquito is the vector YES!!!

56. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector

57. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector

58. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir Infected person Infected mosquito Infected Mosquito gets infected by biting infected person - where the mosquitoes get the parasite

59. Malaria in USA No endemic malaria

60. Malaria in USA 1,500 to 2,000 cases report every year in United States Almost all in recent travelers

61. Elimination and Prevention of Malaria 2015

62. Just a touch of Malaria quinine from the Cinchona tree (South America, 17 th century) artemisinin from the Qinghaosu plant (Artemisia annua, China, 4th century) medical studies vaccines and other preventions treatments

63. Just a touch of Malaria Role of malaria in war Evolution in response to malaria pressures

64. Just a touch of Malaria Videos Manson and Ross: Death by mosquito by British Medical Journal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vImwkeIwnVI A Mutation Story by PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

65. Readings National Geographic July 2007

66. Malaria information

67. Remember, protect yourselfRemember,

68. Remember, protect yourselfRemember,