1. Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences
Dr. A.S. Hashim

2. Surah Al-Fajr: the # 9 revealed Surah
Surah Al-Fajr was revealed in the early weeks of Islamic Mission, About:
15 years before Ramadhan became a fasting month
21 years before Haj was demonstrated by the Prophet (pbuh)
84 years before Karbala events took place

3. Surah Al-Fajr, Tafseer وَالْفَجْرِ وَلَيَالٍ عَشْرٍ
وليال عشر:
لعل المراد بها الليالي العشر من أول ذي الحجة إلى عاشرها
وقيل: المراد بها الليالي العشر من آخر شهر رمضان، وقيل: الليالي العشر من أوله،
و قيل الليالي العشر من أول المحرم
وَالْفَجْرِ
وَلَيَالٍ عَشْرٍ
وَالشَّفْعِ وَالْوَتْرِ
وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ
هَلْ فِي ذَلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِّذِي حِجْرٍ

4. Subjects Discussed in the Slide Show
1. Immediate Period
3. Long Term
2. Intermediate Period

5. The Aftermath of Karbala

6. Immediate Period of Karbala Aftermath
Immediate Period after Karbala deals with:
Head of Imam Al-Husain whether in:
Karbala
Damascus or
Cairo
Commemoration: Held Privately, locally, confidentially
Revolts
Ibn Zubair
Al-Tawwaboon
Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain
Building the Shrine

7. Artist Rendering: Captives to Damascus

8. Intermediate Period of: Karbala Aftermath:
2. The Sanctuary
3. The Commemoration
1. Revolts
Karbala Aftermath
Karbala is the Centerpiece for Islam
Symbolizes the Struggle against Oppression and Injustice
Throughout all Ages

9. Intermediate Period of: Karbala Aftermath:
Intermediate period after Karbala
Al-Ridha (around 202H): Makes Commemoration Public (Majlis in the houses)
Destruction of Al-Husain’s Shrine (around 247H):
Al-Mutawak’kil: By the 3rd try
Rebuilding the shrine by al-Mun'tasir
Commemoration:
Publicly Parading, Al-Buwayhi period (around 375H)
Expanding the Shrine
Karbala as a town

10. Late Period of: Karbala Aftermath:
Up to Nowadays
Commemoration held world wide by the Shi'a
Asia
Europe
America: North and South America
Australia
Fasting (Celebrated) by the Sunni:
Moses crossing the sea (most Sunni reports).
Abdul Qadir Gailani (One Sunni report) claims events of Adam, Noah, Ibrahim, Moses, Ayyub, Yusuf, Yunus, Dawood, Suleiman, Jesus, and Husain: took place then.

11. The Captors to Damascus The Head of Imam Husain

12. Artist Rendering: Zaiul Abideen in Yazid’s Court

13. Immediate Period #1 (Head of al-Husain)
Immediate Period after Karbala
Head of Al-Husain, Resting Place:
Karbala: at the Shrine
Damascus: Special Room in al-Masjid al-Umawi
Cairo: Al-Husain’s Shrine

14. Masjid al-Umawi

15. Masjid al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt

16. Masjid of al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt

17. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala
In Karbala, Iraq

18. The Revolts and chasing the main Killers of Imam Husain

19. Immediate Period #2: The Revolts
The Revolts
1. Ibn Zubair in Hijaz: Revolts against Yazid
2. Al-Tawwaboon: 4 yrs after Karbala, they fight unto death
3. Al-Mukhtar: 5-6 yrs after Karbala, Kills all if not most of the ones who fought Al-Husain, including all the leaders: Shimr, Omar ibn Sa’ad, and Ibn Ziyad

20. Immediate Period #2: The Revolts
Immediate Period after Karbala
Al-Tawwaboon during Marwan’s Reign: fight Benu Umayya unto death, 4,000 (Some claim 16,000)
Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain: Killing just about all who fought Al-Husain especially:
Omar ibn Sa’ad
Shimr
Obaidullah ibn Ziyad
Rules Iraq for more than a year: during Abdul Malik’s reign
Al-Mukhtar builds the rudimentary Shrine for Imam Husain
Houses were built around, the beginning of town of Karbala

21. Artist Rendering: Al-Mukhtar

22. The Commemoration and Keeping Karbala Alive through the Ages To be the Glue that Holds the Shi’a Together

23. Immediate Period #3 (The Commemoration)
Immediate Period after Karbala
Commemoration: To hold Majlis, confidential, local, every year, in people’s houses, was urged by:
Zainul Abideen,
Al-Baaqir,
Al-Saadiq then
Subsequent Imams
To Discuss the events of Karbala and the cause against oppression and mischief, and hold to the ideals of Imam Husain
The Commemoration was a stroke of genius that proved to be the glue that holds the Shi’a together over the centuries

24. Zainul Abideen: To keep Karbala Alive
Zainul Abideen urged people:
To visit the site of Karbala
To observe the anniversary of Karbala
In Sujood to touch a clean Turbah
Used a logo:  May the Killer of Al‑Husain Ibn Ali be Debased and Defiled.
Mention Al-Husain often, cry, and make people cry too, thus actively participating on behalf of Al-Husain

25. The 4 Phases of Commemoration
The Commemorations

26. The Evolution of Commemoration
2. For 174 Yrs in Public and Private Homes in the Open
1. For 140 yrs Confidential in Private Homes only
Karbala Aftermath
4. For 500 yrs In Processions with Excessive Practices
3. For 600 yrs In Processions
Evolution of Commemoration

27. About the Commemoration
Zainul Abideen, Al-Baaqir, Al-Saadiq, and subsequent Imams had emphasized it
Was Confidential, in people’s houses
Made Public due to Al-Ridha effort: around 202H, also in people’s houses
Parading in the Streets during Buwayhi rule in 4th century Hijrah and afterwards
To the excessive during Safawi period
Even more extreme nowadays

28. Karbala: Keeps on The Culture of Karbala Keeps on and on:
Majlis and lectures
Commemoration: Mourning the occasion
The Sanctuary Continues despite adversities by:
Al-Mutawak’kil
The Ottomans
The Wahhabis
Saddam Hussein

29. The Sanctuary Its evolution and Progress

30. The Sanctuary During the 1st 247 Years
1. No Sanctuary
2. Al-Mukhtar Structure
By 247H: Al-Mun’tasir Rebuilds
6. Al-Mutawak’kil Demolishes
3. Al-Saffah Dome & Roof
5. Al-Amin Rebuilds
4. Al-Rasheed Demolishes

31. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain: Up to 247H
Al-Mukhtar built a simple enclosure around the grave with a small dome.  There were two entrances to the structure.
132H
A roof was built over a part of this mosque and two entrances were added by al‑Saffah.
140H
The roof was demolished during the reign of Khalifa al‑Mansoor.
158H
The roof was reconstructed during the reign of Khalifa al-Mahdi.
171H
During the reign of al‑Rasheed the dome and the roof were demolished and the tree which stood near the grave was cut down
193H
During the reign of Khalifa al-Amin the building was reconstructed
236H
?247H
The malicious al-Mutawak'kil demolished the buildings and ordered the land to be ploughed.
247H
al-Mun'tasir built a roof over the grave and set up an iron pillar near it, to serve as a landmark for the visitors

32. The Sanctuary During the Years 280H-780H: Next 500 Years
1. By 280H: A Dome and 2 roofs
2. Udh'd al-Dawla Dome & Gallaries
7. 780H Jalaa’iri erects 2 Golden Minarets
6. Jalaa’iri remodels dome & Enclosure
3. Enclosure of Sepulcher
5. Nasir Deenul-Allah Rebuilds Enclosure
4. Damaged by fire; then Rebuilt

33. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain #2
The Alawi representative built a dome at the center, with two roofs, on either side and an enclosure with two entrances.
371H
Udh'd al-Dawla rebuilt the dome with surrounding galleries and constructed an enclosure of teak wood around the grave. He also constructed houses all round the shrine and erected the boundary wall of the city. At the same time Imran ibn Shahin built a mosque adjacent to the tomb.
407H
The buildings were damaged by fire and the Wazir, al-Fadi rebuilt them
620H
Nasir Deen-al-Allah reconstructed the enclosure of the grave.
757H
Sultan Owais Jalaa’iri remodeled the dome and raised the walls of the enclosure
780H
Ahmad ibn Owais erected two minarets covered with gold and extended the courtyard.

34. The Sanctuary During the Years 920H-1232H: Next 312 Years
1. By 920H: Ismail Safawi, the Tomb
2. Abbas Safawi constructs dharih
7. By 1232H Ali Shah Qajar repairs Dharih
6. Wahhabis spoil Dharih & portico, & loot
3. Murad IV whitewashes the dome
5. Qajar covers the dome with gold.
4. Nadir Shah decorates

35. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #3
When Shah Ismail Safawi visited the shrine he built a Tomb of the inlaid work over the grave.
1032H
Shah Abbas Safawi constructed the dharih (structure) of brass and bronze and decorated the dome with Kashi tiles..
1048H
Sultan Murad IV, when he visited the holy shrine, whitewashed the dome.
1155H
Nadir Shah visited the shrine and decorated the building and offered valuable presents to its treasury.
1211H
Shah Muhammad Qajar covered the dome of the shrine with gold.
1216H
Hordes of Wahhabis from Arabia attacked Karbala, spoiled the Dharih (structure) and portico and looted the shrine. In the meantime they slew 30,000 frightened inhabitants of Karbala.
1232H
Fateh Ali Shah Qajar repaired the Dharih and plated them with silver. He also plated the center of the main portico with gold and repaired the damage done by the Wahhabi thieves.

36. The Sanctuary During the Years 1283H-1420H Next 137 Years
1. By 1283H: Qajar: Extend Courtyard
5. By 1420H Saddam Hussein attacks the shrine and massacres
2. Bohra community Enclosure solid Silver
4. Al-Khalsi extends courtyard and builds a Road
3. Bohra community rebuilt western minaret

37. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #4
Nasiruddin Shah Qajar extended the courtyard of the shrine.
1358H
Taher Saif-ul Deen, of Bohra community offered a set of enclosures of solid silver which are fixed in the shrine.
1360H
Taher Saif-ul Deen, of Bohra community rebuilt the western minaret
1367H
Al-Khalsi, Administrator of Karbala acquired the houses in the neighborhood of the courtyard according to the price fixed by the government, to build a road around the mausoleum and to extend the courtyard
1420H
Forces of Saddam Hussein attack the shrine and massacre the frightened people inside. Damage to the shrine continues to exist, though much of it was repaired by Saddam within a few years.

38. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala
In Karbala, Iraq

39. Numerical Perspective: (1996):
SHI’A …………………………………………..… … Millions
SUNNI:
Hanafi …………….……………………...…………. 380 Millions
Maaliki ………………………………………………. 305 Millions
Shafi’i ……………………………………………… Millions
Hanbali …………………………………… …….. 52 Millions

40. Iman (Belief) Shi’a Sunni Imamah God and His Attributes
Al-Adl (Justice of God)
The Angels
Prophethood:
The Revealed Books (Torah and Bible)
Qadr: Being Guided yet Free to Choose
Imamah
Messengers of God
The Hereafter
Qadr: Guided yet Free to Choose

41. Rituals (Ibadat) Shi’a Sunni Salat: Prayer Shahaada: Declaration
Zakat: Poor’s Due
Saum: Fasting
Haj: Pilgrimage
Khums: The Fifth
Jihad: Major and Lesser
Enjoining to what is Good
Forbidding what is Evil

42. The Tender Heart of Husain

43. Ghandi about Imam Husain

44. Quran: Chapter 5, Verse 48 …لكل جعلنا منكم شرعة ومنهاجا
…To each among you have We prescribed a Law and an open way.
If God had so willed, He would have made you a single people: But, His plan is to test you in what He hath given you:
So strive as in a race in all virtues.
The goal of you all is to God; it is He that will show you the truth of the matters in which ye dispute;
…لكل جعلنا منكم شرعة ومنهاجا
ولو شاء الله لجعلكم امة واحدة ولكن ليبلوكم في ما اتاكم
فاستبقوا الخيرات
الى الله مرجعكم جميعا فينبئكم بما كنتم فيه تختلفون

45. Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together

46. Thank you and May God Bless you.
Be in Allah’s Care
Thank you and May God Bless you.
Dr. A.S. Hashim