1. 1998 Cessna 172 S Study Guide For Training Use Only
Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for your actual Training airplane.

2. This presentation is based on the POH for the 1998 Cessna 172 S, and covers the following sections of that manual.
Section General
Section Limitations
Section Emergency
Procedures
Section Normal
Procedures

3. Remember to verify all information with your actual POH

4. Section 1
Descriptive Data

5. Aircraft Dimensions

6. Aircraft Dimensions Length 27’ 2” Height 8’ 11” Wingspan 36’ 1”
Wing Area of 174 square feet

7. Engine

8. Manufactured by Textron Lycoming
Engine
Manufactured by Textron Lycoming
Model O-360-L2A
This is a Normally Aspirated, Direct Drive, Air-Cooled, Horizontally-Opposed , Fuel Injected, Four Cylinder Engine with 360 cubic inches displacement.
RPM

9. Propeller

10. Propeller Manufactured by McCauley Model 1A170E/JHA7660
Two Bladed, Fixed Pitch, Aluminum.
Diameter is 76”

11. Fuel

12. Fuel Approved Fuel Grades: 100LL Grade Aviation Fuel (BLUE)
(GREEN)
This is a 152, you will have 13 drains to check

13. Fuel 2 integral tanks [one in each wing] hold the fuel
The Un-usable fuel includes fuel in the feed lines within the wing struts, Fuel Reservoir, and associated plumbing
The System is Gravity Feed, and uses an Electric Auxiliary Fuel Pump for priming the Fuel Injection system
There are 13 Fuel Drains
5 below each wing tank
3 below the nose
These drains should be tested for water and contamination prior to flight

14. Fuel
This aircraft is equipped with a Fuel Selector Valve that allows Fuel to flow from Left, Right, or Both Fuel tanks. BOTH is the Normal selection.
A FUEL SHUT-OFF is also installed in this aircraft for use in Emergency Procedures, or for prolonged Storage.

15. Fuel Total Capacity 56 gallons Total Useable 53 gallons
Total Each Tank 28 gallons
Total Useable gallons
Non-Useable gallons

16. OIL Grade appropriate to temperature ranges
Often this is 15w50 or 20w50
Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in your aircraft.

17. Electrical System System is 28 Volt DC
Powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator
Supplying a 24 Volt Battery
Battery is located forward of Firewall, Left Side
Current is supplied Through Split Primary Bus Bars 1 and 2
Essential Bus is wired between the 2 primaries to energize Master,
…..Annunciator, and Interior Lighting
Each Primary is connected to an Avionics Bus by the Avionics Master
Continued…………….

18. Electrical System Continued
Master Switch is a Split Rocker type switch labeled MASTER
On is in the up Position, Off is in the Down Position
The Right Half is labeled BAT and connects Battery Power to Buses
The Left Half is labeled ALT, connects the Alternator
Normally, BAT and ALT are used simultaneously
BAT can be turned on to check electrical equipment on the ground
When the ALT switch is OFF the entire system runs on battery

19. Electrical System Continued
LOW VOLTAGE Annunciator, Will Illuminate when Voltage falls below 24.5 Volts
OVERVOLTAGE :Alternator Control Unit automatically opens the ALT FLD circuit breaker, Shutting Off the Alternator
Under these conditions, with normal power use, a low voltage condition will occur eventually, and the Low Volt annunciator will illuminate
The Alternator Control unit may be then reset by resetting the ALT FLD circuit breaker
If this occurs a second time, terminate the flight

20. Maximum Certificated Weights
Ramp Weight Normal Category 2558
Ramp Weight Utility Category 2208
Takeoff Weight Normal Category 2250
Takeoff Weight Utility Category 2200
Landing Weight Normal Category 2550
Landing Weight Utility Category 2200

21. Baggage Compartment Weights
Normal Category
Area lbs
Area lbs
Maximum Combined Area 1 and lbs

22. Baggage Compartment Weights
Utility Category
In this Category the Rear Seat must be un-occupied, and the baggage compartment must be empty.

23. Standard Airplane Weights
Standard Empty Weight 1663
Normal Category Useful load 895
Utility Category Useful Load 545

24. Specific Loadings Wing Loading: 14.7 lbs./sq. ft.
Power Loading: lbs./sq. ft.

25. Baggage Compartment Weights Relate to Category
Utility Category
All Baggage areas must be empty
Normal Category
Area lbs
Area lbs
Maximum Combined Area 1 and lbs

26. Section 2
Limitations

27. Airspeed Limitations

28. Airspeed Limitations VNE [ Red Line ] 163 Never Exceed
Do not exceed this speed.

29. Airspeed Limitations VNO [Upper Limit of Green Arc ] 129
Maximum Structural Cruise
129
Exceed only in smooth air.

30. Airspeed Limitations VA 105 @ 2550 lbs 98 @ 2200 lbs 90 @ 1900 lbs
Maneuvering Speed
Based on weight. The less weight, the slower the speed.
lbs
lbs
lbs

31. Airspeed Limitations
Flap Extension

32. Airspeed Limitations VFE Flap Extension Speeds
Do not exceed with Flaps Down
10 degrees 110
20 degrees 85
30 degrees 85

33. Do not exceed with window open
Airspeed Limitations
Max window open speed
163
Do not exceed with window open

34. Airspeed Indicator Markings
White Arc
Flap Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vso
[Stall Speed Flaps Landing Configuration]
Upper limit is Vno
[max speed flaps extended]

35. Airspeed Indicator Markings
Green Arc
Normal Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vs
[Stall Speed No Flaps ]
Upper limit is max structural Cruise, or Vno

36. Airspeed Indicator Markings
Yellow Arc
Caution Range
Operation with caution only in smooth air.

37. Airspeed Indicator Markings
Red Line 163
Maximum Speed for all operations
Fly Faster than this speed, and you are a Test Pilot !

38. Power Plant Limitations
Maximum Power
180 BHP

39. Power Plant Limitations
Engine Operating Limits for Takeoff and Continuous Operations
Maximum Engine Speed
2700 RPM
Red Line

40. Power Plant Limitations
Static RPM Range at Full Throttle
Static RPM range

41. Power Plant Limitations
Maximum Oil Temperature
245 degrees (f) or 118 (c)

42. Power Plant Limitations
Oil Pressure
20 PSI Minimum
115 PSI Maximum

43. Power Plant Limitations
Oil Grade
Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil or,
Ashless Dispersant Oil

44. Power Plant Limitations
Engine Oil :
15w50 or 20w50
Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in your aircraft.

45. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Tachometer
Red Line
2700 RPM

46. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Oil Temperature
Green Arc
Red line

47. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Oil Pressure
Red Line Minimum 20 PSI
Green Arc 50 – 90 PSI
Red Line Maximum 115 PSI

48. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Fuel Quantity
Red Line 0
1.5 Gallons Unusable Each Tank

49. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Fuel Flow
0 to 12 GPH

50. Power Plant Instrument Markings
Vacuum Gage
4.5 to 5.5 PSI

51. Normal and Utility Categories
Review of Category of Aircraft

52. Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Normal Category
(a)The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of nine or less, a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or less, and intended for non-acrobatic operation. Non-acrobatic operation includes:

53. Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Normal Category
(1) Any maneuver incident to normal flying;
(2) Stalls (except whip stalls); and
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees.

54. Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Utility Category
Airplanes certificated in the utility category may be used in any of the operations covered under paragraph (a) of this section and in limited acrobatic operations. Limited acrobatic operation includes:

55. CG Limits and Categories
FAR Part 23 Utility Category
(1) Spins (if approved for the particular type of airplane)
(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, or similar maneuvers, in which the angle of bank is more than 60 degrees but not more than 90 degrees.
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees.

56. Normal Category Weight Limits
Ramp Weight
Takeoff Weight
Landing Weight
Baggage Area
Baggage Area
Combined Baggage

57. Normal Category CG Limits
Forward Limit:
35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
To 41 inches aft of datum at 2550 lbs.
Aft Limit:
47.3 inches aft of datum
at all weights.

58. Utility Category Weight Limits
Ramp Weight
Takeoff
Landing
Baggage Area 1 and 2 Empty
Rear Seat Empty

59. Utility Category CG Limits
Forward Limit:
35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
To 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 lbs.
Aft Limit:
40.5 inches aft of datum at all weights.

60. Maneuver Limits Normal Category
Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
Stalls Slow Deceleration
Steep Turns 95 knots
Chandelles 105 knots
Lazy Eights 105 knots
Spins are not mentioned in the POH under Normal Category limits, and are considered prohibited in this category.

61. Maneuver Limits Utility Category
Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
Stalls Slow Deceleration
Steep Turns 95 knots
Chandelles 105 knots
Lazy Eights 105 knots
Spins Slow Deceleration

62. Flight Load Factor Limits Normal Category
Max takeoff weight of 2550 lbs.
Flaps Up g, -1.52g
Flaps Down g
The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.

63. Flight Load Factor Limits Utility Category
Max takeoff weight of 2200 lbs.
Flaps Up , -1.76g
Flaps Down g
The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.

64. Kinds of Operation Limits
This airplane is equipped for Day VFR and may be equipped for night VFR and IFR Operations.
Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited.

65. Fuel Limitations 2 Standard Tanks 28 gallons each
Total Fuel gallons
Un-Useable Fuel gallons

66. Check the POH for your aircraft to learn what tanks are installed.
Fuel Limitations
Limitations are show ONLY for Standard Tanks
Check the POH for your aircraft to learn what tanks are installed.

67. Fuel limitations
To maximize fuel loading, place the fuel selector to Left or Right.
This prevents Cross-Feed during fueling
There are safety consideration with operating on just one tank.

68. Always Takeoff and Land with the Fuel Selector in the BOTH Position.
Fuel Limitations
Always Takeoff and Land with the Fuel Selector in the BOTH Position.

69. Fuel Limitations
If operating only on one tank, Slips and Skid maneuvers are limited to 30 Seconds

70. Fuel Limitations
With ¼ Tank or Less, prolonged un-coordinated flight is prohibited when operating on either the Left or Right tank

71. Fuel Limitations
Fuel remaining when the quantity indicator shows “empty” is not useable!

72. Other Limitations Flap Limitations Takeoff Range 0 to 10 degrees
Landing Range 0 to 30 degrees

73. Section 3
Emergency Procedures

74. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Engine Failure After Takeoff:
Flaps Up 70
Flaps Down 65

75. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Maximum Glide Speed: 68

76. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Precautionary Landing with Engine Power: 65

77. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Precautionary Landing
Without Engine Power:
Flaps Up 70
Flaps Down 65

78. Emergency Procedures Checklists

79. Engine Failure During Takeoff
Throttle Idle
Brakes Apply
Flaps Retract
Mixture Idle Cut-off
Ignition Off
Master Off

80. Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff
Airspeed 70 flaps up 65 flaps down
Mixture Idle Cut-off
Fuel Shutoff Off PULL OUT
Ignition Off
Flaps As Required
Master Off
Doors Open
Land Straight Ahead Best Site

81. Engine Failure During Flight [Restart Procedure]
Airspeed 68
Fuel Shutoff ON PUSH ON
Fuel Selector Both
Auxiliary Fuel Pump On
Mixture Rich [if Restart has not occurred]
If Prop is windmilling, the engine will restart within a few seconds.
If Prop has stopped turning, Turn Ignition to START
Advance Throttle Slowly from Idle, the adjust mixture for smoothness
If The FUEL FLOW drops to Zero, Turn on Auxiliary Fuel Pump

82. Precautionary Landing Without Engine Power
Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position
Seats and Seat Belts Secure
Airspeed Flaps Up 65 Flaps Down
Mixture Idle Cut Off
Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF PULL OUT
Ignition Off
Flaps As Required [30 deg. advised]
Master Off
Doors Open
Touchdown Slightly Tail Low
Brakes Apply Heavily

83. Precautionary Landing With Engine Power
Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position
Seats and Seat Belts Secure
Airspeed 65
Flaps degrees
Selected Field : Fly over to evaluate, Climb to appropriate patter altitude and retract Flaps at safe airspeed
Avionics Master Off
Flaps degrees on Final
Master Off
Doors Open
Touchdown Slightly Tail Low
Ignition Off
Brakes Apply Heavily

84. Ditching Review POH for this Procedure
Minimize Descent to 300 FPM at 55 kts
Prepare to protect Face with available items
Open Doors
Activate ELT
Touchdown parallel to swells, Level Attitude
Evacuate Airplane
Use Floatation Devices OUT OF AIRPLANE

85. FIRE During Engine Start [Engine has started]
Ignition Start, continue cranking for a start
Set Power to 1800 RPM
Follow Shutdown Procedures
Evacuate and Inspect for Damage

86. Engine Fire During Start [Engine has not started]
Throttle Full Open
Mixture Idle Cut-off
Cranking Continue
Fuel Shut-Off OFF PULL OUT
Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
Fire Extinguisher Activate
Engine Secure
Master Off
Ignition Off
Brake Set
Passengers and Crew Evacuate
Fire Extinguish as Required
Inspect for Damage

87. Engine Failure In Flight
Mixture Idle Cut Off
Fuel Shutoff Valve Off Pull OUT
Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
Master Off
Cabin heat and air Off except overhead vents
Airspeed 100 Knots or more to create a non combustible fuel air mixture
Forced Landing Refer to Forced Landing Checklist

88. Electrical Fire in Flight
Master OFF
Avionics OFF
All Electric OFF [except magnetos]
Vents/Cabin Air/Heat Closed
Fire Extinguisher Activate [if available]
If Extinguisher is activated, open all vents after fire is out to clear cabin
If fire appears to be out, and electrical power is necessary,
Master ON
Circuit Breakers Check for faulty circuit
Avionics ON, 1 system at a time with a delay in order to evaluate and detect the bad circuit

89. Blocked Static Source [ERRONEOUS INSTRUTMENT READING SUSPECTED]
ALTERNATE STATIC PORT OPEN
AIRSPEED CONSULT CALIBRATION TABLE

90. Landing with a Flat Main Tire
APPROACH NORMAL
TOUCHDOWN
GOOD TIRE FIRST, HOLD AIRPLANE OFF FLAT TIRE AS LONG AS POSSIBLE.

91. Electrical Power Malfunctions
Ammeter shows excessive rate of charge
Alternator OFF
Alternator Breaker PULL
Non-essential equipment OFF
Flight Terminate ASAP

92. Vacuum System Failure
Left Vacuum [L VAC] or Right Vacuum [L VAC] Annunciator Illuminates
If Vacuum is not within normal limits, a failure has occurred.
Partial Panel Procedures will be necessary for continued flight

93. Landing without Elevator Control
Trim for level flight
Set speed for approximately 65
Once trimmed, do not move elevator trim.
Control glide with power only.
At flare-out, Power reduction will cause nose to drop… Adjust Trim Full UP during power reduction.

94. SPIN RECOVERY THROTTLE IDLE AILERONS NEUTRAL
RUDDER FULL OPPOSITE OF ROTATION
CONTROL YOKE FORWARD TO BREAK STALL
HOLD THESE CONTROL POSITIONS UNTIL ROTATION STOPS
AS ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE RUDDER
RECOVER FROM DIVE SMOOTHLY.

95. Section 4
Normal Procedures

96. Before Start Preflight Inspection Complete Passenger Briefing Complete
Seats and Belts Adjust
Brakes Test and Set
Electrical Equipment Off
Avionics Off
Fuel Selector Both
Fuel Shutoff Valve On PUSH IN
Circuit Breakers Check In

97. Starting Engine [with battery]
Throttle Open ¼ inch
Mixture Idle Cut-Ott
Propeller Area Clear
Master On
Flashing beacon On
Auxiliary Fuel Pump On
Mixture Full Rich until a positive fuel flow, then Idle Cut-Off
Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
Ignition Start
Mixture Advance as Engine Starts
Oil Pressure Check
Navigation Lights As Required
Avionics On
Flaps Retract

98. Starting Engine [Flooded Sart]
If Engine floods [over primed] perform the following and then complete the normal start checklist
Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF
Mixture Idle Cut-Off
Throttle Open ½ to Full Throttle
Ignition Start
When Engine starts Mixture to Full Rich, Throttle to Idle Promptly.

99. Before Taxi
This is not a Cessna Checklist, but will be useful in developing good habits at towered airports.
ATIS Information Obtain and copy with I.D.
Clearance Obtain and copy, READBACK
TRANSPONDER SET Code and Select STBY
Taxi Instructions Comply as Instructed

100. Before Takeoff Parking Brake Set Seats Upright Seat Belts Secure
Doors Closed and Latched
Flight Controls Free and Correct
Flight Instruments Check and Set
Fuel Quantity Check
Mixture Full Rich
Fuel Selector Valve Recheck Set to BOTH
Throttle
Magnetos Check drop <150, Diff. Max of 50
Vacuum Gage Check
Annunciator Panel Check
Throttle Check IDLE
Throttle Set to 1000 RPM …..Continued….

101. Before Takeoff…continued
Throttle Friction Lock Adjust
Radios and Avionics SET
NAV/GPS Switch SET
Autopilot OFF
Manual Trim Set for Takeoff
Flaps Set for Takeoff
TRANSPONDER ON
Brakes Release
TAKEOFF CLEARANCE Obtain
TRANSPONDER ON Select ALT
Directional Gyro Set when aligned with Runway
Strobes and Landing Light On when taking Active Runway

102. Normal Takeoff Flaps 0 – 10 Degrees Throttle Full Open
Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
Elevator Lift Nose Wheel at 55
Climb Speed [80 Provides better Forward Visibility]
Flaps Retract

103. Short Field Takeoff Flaps 10 Degrees Brakes Apply Throttle Full Open
Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
Brakes Release
Elevator Slightly Tail Low
Climb Speed 56 Until Obstacles Cleared
Flaps Retract Slowly after reaching 60 knots

104. Enroute Climb Airspeed 70-85 Throttle Full Open
Mixture Rich (lean above 3000 ft)

105. Cruise Power Set 2100-2700 no more than 75% Elevator Trim Adjust
Mixture Lean For Performance Desired
Arrival Checklist Prepare

106. Arrival (not a Cessna List)
Arrival ATIS In Range Obtain and Copy
Approach Control Contact Prior to 20 Miles out
Clearance Copy and READBACK
Descent Checklist Prepare

107. Descent Power As required Mixture Adjust, Full Rich at Idle
Altimeter Set
NAV/GPS Set
Fuel Selector Valve BOTH
Flaps As Required within Limits
Landing Checklist Prepare

108. Normal Landing Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up Flaps As required within Limits
Airspeed Flaps Down
Touchdown Main Wheels First
Landing Roll Lower Nose Gently
Braking Minimum Required

109. Short Field Landing Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up
Flaps As required within Limits
Airspeed 61 Flaps Down
Touchdown Main Wheels First
Brakes Apply Heavily
Flaps Retract

110. Balked Landing [Go Around]
Throttle FULL OPEN
Flaps Retract to 20
Climb Speed 60
Flaps Retract to 10 till safe Alt.

111. After Landing Runway Clear and onto Taxiway Strobes Off
Landing Light Off
Transponder STBY
Flaps Retract
Radios Set
Clearance Taxi instruction Parking as required

112. Secure [Shut Down] Brake Set Avionics OFF Mixture Idle Cut-Off
Ignition Off
Master Off
Control Lock Install
Fuel Selector Left or Right
Check with OPERATOR of the Aircraft regarding this last item.

113. Before we finish, some thoughts on Landings…

114. You have seen the correct technique…
Main wheels touchdown 1st

115. This is what can happen with “improper” technique..
The nose wheel touches 1st, followed by Mains,
and a bounce results

116. This is what can happen with “improper” technique..
A bounce occurs, and the airplane balloons up some distance
The Pilot over-reacts, and forces the nose to the runway
The resultant increase in velocity produces another bounce on touchdown, and the cycle starts again.

117. The third cycle of this phenomena is where accidents typically occur.
The nose will contact first (again),
But the contact will likely be at such an angle to cause
Substantial damage the structure, and result a collapsed
Nose wheel assembly
This typically also causes the Propeller to strike the ground causing damage to the Propeller and the Engine

118. This is frequently the outcome of the second or third bounce…..
Nose wheel touches, and you bounce again.

119. If in doubt, go around after the First Bounce!
When the bounce occurs, level off, and Re-Land the Airplane normally if sufficient runway length remains.
If in doubt, go around after the First Bounce!

120. Get the Right Picture for Landings

121. Get the Right Picture for Landings

122. Get the Right Picture for Landings

123. Get the Right Picture for Landings

124. Get the Right Picture for Landings

125. Remember, this is supposed to be fun…
and sometimes its for moments like this

126. Remember to use the approved checklists or Pilot Operating Handbook
End of Session
Remember to use the approved checklists or Pilot Operating Handbook