1. Commission for Higher Education
Urban Charcoal Consumption and Its Implications on the Rate of Deforestation: The Case For Puntland
Abdiqani Farah (PhD)
Commission for Higher Education
Puntland, Somalia

2. On the tarmac are made up of Five main town municipalities:
Somalia is defined as arid/semi-arid with a fragile ecosystems and periodic drought
There are no reliable data in relation to the exact amount of forests and woodlands on mainland
On the tarmac are made up of Five main town municipalities:
GAROWE
BURTINLE
GALKAYO
BOSSASO

3. The main purpose of this work
The fine dividing line between wood for energy and forest resources availability raised questions on
whether there was sufficient forest to meet the demand of the time and that of future generations
To understand the effects of consumption of charcoal on Somali’s forest and woodlands
To quantify the rate of deforestation
Disappearance of Acacia species,
gauged on urban charcoal consumption (Mwampamba, 2007).

4. The main purpose cont….
First, a consumption rate (Cc) for the Puntland State had to be established, derived from estimation of per capita/household charcoal consumption.
based on the following equation: Cc = 12S/H, where H is household size and S is the household sacs consumed per month.
Then, state level charcoal consumption by household was deduced from it (Mwampamba, 2007)

5. The main purpose cont…. The Kiln efficiency: (Ek)
Mc / Mw
Finally, to interpret the speed of charcoal consumption into forest equivalent
The forest per sac of charcoal (Fs)

6. Supplementary aim to evaluate charcoal trade, such as .
charcoal vendors,
the gender of household respondents
The alternatives
Respective prices of charcoal of the study areas.
All deemed necessary for
the future control and improvement on efficiency ways of charcoal production and use

7. Background
Two and half decades, the trade expanded gradually clearing almost all available forests throughout the Somali territory for both local consumption and the exportation of charcoal (Further study is required in here)

8. Later on Puntland state administration banned burning living tree for the purpose and regulated utilization of dry (dead) plants for obtaining firewood and producing charcoal.
The current administration has banned the trade.
Is that possible?

9. Charcoal (Consumption and trade)
In sub-Saharan nations firewood and charcoal accounts for 47% of eventual energy utilization (Byer, 1987; Hall and Moss, 1983).
Consumption (in Puntland)
Over 90% of families, Charcoal is the main domestic cooking fuel
Due to unaffordability of both the resource and the appliances of the alternative
Trade
No capacity to enforce the law
Being exported to Gulf states of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Qatar (some banned the trade)
Market demand in the gulf
Lack of economic opportunities
UN resolution in place to ban the exportation of charcoal

11. Environmental Aspect Deforestation
Wiped out already strained acacia (Acacia Bussei, Acacia nilotica) forests
Erosion, dwindling the volume of land for grazing and agriculture
Reduce bio-diversity
Note: deadwood is almost completely exploited and live trees are cut for the trade
The types of harvesting trees (set fire at the base of the tree) for charcoal will never make possible for trees to regenerate again
Not coppiced to stimulate growth

13. The Supplementary

14. Charcoal Vendors

15. Alternative Energy For Cooking
PREFERENCE %
LPG 84
ELECTRICITY 6
LPG & ELECTRICITY 9
SOLAR
PEREFERENCE %
LPG 75
ELECTRICITY 3
LPG & ELECTRICITY 20
SOLAR 2

16. Respective towns’ price paid sac-1 ($)

17. (Cc)Consumption per capita y-1)
The Mean per capita consumption per person y-1 for the four towns was found to be between 2 and 4 ± std (Mwampamba, 2007).

18. One way ANOVA test (assuming unequal STDEV) was performed between the four towns and found there is a significant variations between them (F= , P= E-08). Post hoc test was performed and determined Garowe level of consumption was significantly different from the other three towns.

19. Kiln Efficiency (Ek) In order to determine the Ek
Average sacs produced per tree
Average Kg per sac of charcoal
The average sacs of charcoal produced per kiln
Translate that into tree
the Kiln efficiency (Ek)
Mc = Mass of charcoal produced
Mw= Mass of wood put into the kiln.
Ek was found to be 20%

20. The forest per sac of charcoal (Fs)
The amount of forest needed to produce in order to determine the rate forests are cut
The forest per sac of charcoal (Fs)
Calculating The rate of deforestation in concomitant with the population growth rate

21. Total sacks consumed per Town y-1 And Its equivalent in trees
Total sacs
Price ($)
Trees
Garowe
256500
205200
Burtinle
33300
599400
26640
Galkayo
560000
448000
Bossaso
Total

22. Interpreting charcoal consumption into its equivalent hectares of forest
Forests and woodlands cover about 23% of Somali mainland and are dominated by Acacia species. Out of the 23% there is no reliable data regarding exact amount of forests cover and woodland in Puntland.

23. Ms is the kg charcoal sack-1;
In order approximate amount of forest required to harvest one sack of charcoal (Fs) required to measure:
Ms is the kg charcoal sack-1;
(Ek) the kiln efficiency is how many kg of wood produce a kg of charcoal,
S stands for the stock density (th-1) (Bolzaet al, 1972).
The coefficient x 10-3 is a constant that integrates in the assumption of 93% instead of 100% of the stem harvest (Chidumayo, 1991)
and the unit conversion of 1000 kg of wood into tone of wood.
Fs = x 10-3 (Ms X Ek x 1/S)

24. the amount of forest needed to produce a single sack of charcoal (Fc) was calculated and found to be h and subsequently calculated hectors of forest consumed in those four towns year-1 as 478 h.
35% of the population of Puntland live in urban areas with a population growth rate of 2.9 (Puntland facts and figures, UNFPA, 2003).

25. . Finally, the hectors of forest consumed by urban population was determined by multiplying quantity of forest required to produce single sack of charcoal (Fc) to the total sacs consumed by urban population estimate and found to be 829 h.
Assuming 95% of population of Puntland rely on charcoal and firewood in one way or another, the total hectors cleared every year for that purpose is estimated 2369 h.

26. Work to be done Continue the work being done so far
Determine Somali main land forest cover
To attain sustainable management of forests and woodlands
Gauge how prevalent is the business of charcoal (Distribution of Kilns throughout Somali territory) by employing combination of ground work, remote sensing, GPS and arcGIS.
Replication of the same survey done in the other parts of Somalia to get the overall picture of devastating effect of charcoal consumption as a source of cooking energy

27. Recommendations
Government should come up with a policy of establishing national energy plantations and charcoal production through efficient earth kilns
Re-establishing cooperatives as already many rural households adjacent to woodlands, who do not have reliable sources of income, are engaged in charcoal making activities
Promote alternative domestic sources of energy like LPG, solar, kerosene or efficient stoves

28. Improved use of available resources efficiently towards the intervention programs such as research, production, consumption, forest management and engaging local communities on the issue
Like other neighboring and the rest of sub Saharan countries, FOREST ACT must be put in place in managing available forests sustainably and for ministry of environment implement it (Mwampamba, 2007)

29. Thank you