1. Population
APHG

2. Population Key Issues Where is the world’s population distributed?
Where has the world’s population increased?
Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?
Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

3. Population Terms
Demography - The scientific study of population characteristics.
Example: Birth Rates, Death Rates, Growth in More Developed –v- Developing.
Overpopulation- The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Density - The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

4. Distribution and Density

6. The World and the Top 10 – 2011 & 2016 2011 2016 World 6,987, 000,000
China 1,346,000,000
India 1,241, 000,000
United States 312, 000,000
Indonesia 238, 000,000
Brazil 198, 000,000
Pakistan 177, 000,000
Nigeria 162, 000,000
Bangladesh 151, 000,000
Russia 143, 000,000
Japan 128, 000,000
2016
World 7,418, 000,000
China 1,378, 000,000
India 1,329, 000,000
United States 324, 000,000
Indonesia 259, 000,000
Brazil 206, 000,000
Pakistan 203, 000,000
Nigeria 187, 000,000
Bangladesh 163, 000,000
Russia 144, 000,000
Mexico 129, 000,000

7. Population Growth Video

8. Population Distribution –
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Dot Map of World Population –
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

9. Cartogram
Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.

10. World Population Clusters
Two-thirds of the world’s population are concentrated in four regions:
1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)
- 1/5 of world population here
2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
- bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan
3. Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines)
4. Europe
- population is concentrated in cities

11. East Asia

12. South Asia

13. Southeast Asia

14. Europe

15. North America

16. Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Increased over time
¾ of world population lives on only 5% of the Earth’s surface

17. Population Distribution
Densely populated regions
Low lands
Fertile soil
Temperate climate
Sparsely Populated Regions
dry lands
wet lands
high lands
cold lands

18. Population
Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?
Arithmetic Density
Physiological Density
Agricultural Density

19. Density Arithmetic Density:
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Examples: Juneau Alaska – largest city in the US – by land area (3,225 Sq. Miles – 32,660).

21. Density Physiological Density: Example: Singapore 982,641.
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Example: Singapore 982,641.

23. Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

24. Density Agricultural Density:
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
US –v- India

25. Demographic Transition Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?

26. Stages in Classic 4-Stage Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
(Some books show a 3-stage model; others mention a new 5th stage)

27. Stage 1: “Pre-Industrial”
High birth rates and high death rates (both about 40)
Population growth very slow
Agrarian (Agricultural) society
High rates of communicable diseases
Pop. increases in good growing years;
declines in bad years (famine, diseases)
No country or world region still in Stage One

28. Stage 2: “Early Industrial”
High birth rates (over 30) but death rates decline (to about 20)
Huge population growth.
RNIs increase sharply (pop. explosion); growth rate increases throughout Stage Two
Growth not from increase in births, but from decline in deaths
MDCs = starts early 1800s
LDCs = starts after 1950s

29. Stage 3: “Later Industrial”
Birth rates decline sharply (to about 15)
Death rates decline a bit more (to about 10 or less)
Note growth still occurs, but at a reduced and declining rate
MDCs = starts in late 1800s
LDCs = starts after 1980s*
* Or hasn’t started yet

30. Stage 4: “Post-Industrial”
Birth rates and death rates both low (about 10)
Population growth very low or zero
MDCs = starts after 1970s
LDCs = hasn’t started yet
Stage 5 (?): Hypothesized (not in Classic DTM)
Much of Europe now or soon in population decline
as birth rates drop far below replacement level

32. Demographic Transition Model
Draw it!
Stages: 1-5 and growth / CBR / CDR / NIR / Total Population
Label the following countries:
Afghanistan
Germany
Zambia
Jordan
Ukraine
Uruguay
Canada
Mexico
Hungary (Is that a country?)
Iraq

33. Population Pyramids Video

34. Dependency Ratio Number of Working-age (16-64) Dependency ratio X 100
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
0-15 = Dependents
16-64 = Workers
65+ = Dependents
DR = Number of Dependents (0-15 and 65+)
Number of Working-age (16-64)
Example:
Too many old people (Eastern Europe) or too many young people (Sub-Saharan Africa) can cause problems.
X 100

36. Population Pyramids
A country’s stage in Demographic Transition gives it a distinctive population structure
Also called
Age-Sex Pyramids

37. Rapid Growth

38. Slow Growth

39. No Growth End of stage 4 Large number of “older people”
Very small % of young people

40. What stage goes with each pyramid?
Developing Relatively Developed Developed
(poor) (rich)
What stage goes with each pyramid?

44. National Scale

47. Population Pyramids Video

48. Population Pyramids Baby Boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity.
Echo Boom
The generation born after the baby boomers; the "echo" of a generation boom (1980s-1990s)

49. Demographic Momentum Demographic Momentum
Tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline bc of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

50. Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? Population Control

51. A Population Bomb? Thomas Malthus (1766-1834, England)
Population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly.

52. A Population Bomb? Esther Boserup (1910 - 1999)
Population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people.

53. Five stage Model

54. Epidemiological Transition Model
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

55. Epidemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases, famine Ex: Black Plague
Stage 1:
Epidemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases, famine
Ex: Black Plague

56. Stage 2:
Receding Pandemics
Ex: Cholera, Smallpox

57. Degenerative and human-created disease
Stage 3:
Degenerative and human-created disease
Ex: Cardiovascular disease and Cancer

58. Delayed degenerative diseases Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes
Stage 4:
Delayed degenerative diseases
Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes

59. Epidemiological Transition Model
Stage 5?
Re-emerging infectious and
parasitic disease
Ex: Malaria, TB, Swine Flu, AIDS, Ebola, Zeka

60. Slowing Growth How to change the J-Curve into an S-Curve:
Educate Women
Reduce Child Mortality
Anti-Natalism
Eugenics not an option
Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Example – Nazi Germany

61. Anti-Natalist Policies
Anti-Natalism
An attitude that asserts a negative value towards birth in order to limit population growth.
Example
Cold War communism in Eastern Europe
China Population Pyramid
Video
Video 2

62. Pro-Natalist –v- Anti-Natalist Policies
Pro-Natalism
An attitude that encourages childbearing.
Example:
Japan, France and present day Russia
Japan Video