1. Heterocycles
Nomenclature
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2. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
3-Membered Ring :: Ethylene Oxide or oxirane
Oxirane formation in our body
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3. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Examples of epoxides in our system
Squalene Epoxide
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4. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Reactions of Epoxides
Acid Opening of Epoxides
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5. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Reactions of Epoxides
Enzymatic Opening of Epoxides
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6. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Reactions of Epoxides
Opening of Epoxides with Amines and Alcohols
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7. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Higher Oxides
Oxetane oxolane oxane 1,4-dioxane
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8. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Higher Oxides
Stability of these oxides change drastically on a-substitution
Lactones anhydrides
Hemi-acetals acetals
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9. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Examples of Acetals or Hemi-Acetals in Nature
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10. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Interconversion of a- and b-forms of sugars
The phenomenon of mutarotation
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11. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Examples of sugars in natural systems
Deoxynucleic Acids and Ribonucleic Acids
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12. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Sugars and Diabetes
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c or GHb)
Also called glycosylated hemoglobin. The saccharide equilibrium is the reason for the formation of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic patients. Excess free plasma sugar, and therefore the open-chain aldehyde, reacts with the N-terminal NH2 group of hemoglobin (or lysine side chains) to form glycated adducts, which are detected to confirm and monitor diabetes. The upper limit for a normal individual is 7% HbA1c.
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13. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Fructose
Sucrose
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14. Oxygen Containing Heterocycles
Polysaccharides – Cellulose and Starch
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