1. Evidence of Evolution

2. Evolution
1) Evolution is the change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time. Over generations theses changes lead to new types of organisms developed from preexisting types.

3. Galapagos
Recent volcanic origin most of animal species on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they resemble species living on South American mainland.
500 miles west of mainland

4. Unique species
Show Campbell videos!!!

5. 2. Observation #1: Variation Darwin’s finches
Differences in beaks
associated with eating different foods
survival & reproduction of beneficial adaptations to foods available on islands
Warbler finch
Cactus finch
Woodpecker finch
Sharp-beaked finch
Small insectivorous
tree finch
Small ground
finch
Warbler
finch
Large
insectivorous
tree finch
Cactus
eater
Tree finches
Medium ground finch
Ground finches
Insect eaters
Seed eaters
Vegetarian
tree finch
Large ground finch
Bud eater

6. Correlation of species to food source
Seed eaters
Flower eaters
Insect eaters

7. 2. Observation #1: Variation Giant Tortoises
Whoa, Turtles, too!

8. Observation #2: Fossil Record
Mylodon (left) Giant ground sloth (extinct)
Modern sloth (right)

9. The Distribution of Fossils
4) The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.

10. The Fossil Record
5. When fossils are arranged in the order of their age, a continual series of change is seen, new changes being added at each stage.

11. Transitional Species (Fossils)
6) A transitional fossil is any fossil which gives us information about a transition from one species to another.
7) Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification (or that species have changed over time).

12. 8) Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.
“How Evolution
happens by
Natural Selection”

13. 8) Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.
“How Evolution
happens by
Natural Selection”

14. 8) Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.
“How Evolution
happens by
Natural Selection”

15. 8) Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.
“How Evolution
happens by
Natural Selection”

16. 8. Natural Selection
Overproduction: more offspring than available resources
Genetic Variation: offspring have different traits (different gene combos)
Struggle to Survive: compete for resources
Differential Reproduction: survivors reproduce and pass on favored genes

17. Darwin’s Idea Descent with Modification
9) Descent with Modification is the idea that organisms can change over time through a process called Natural Selection.
Darwin never wrote about how life originated but how it could evolve once it’s here.

18. 10. Essence of Darwin’s ideas
(1) Variation exists in natural populations
(2) Many more offspring are born each season than can possibly survive to maturity
(3) As a result, there is a struggle for existence
- competition
(4) Characteristics beneficial in the struggle for existence will tend to become more common in the population, changing the average characteristics of the population
- adaptations
(5) Over long periods of time, and given a steady input of new variation into a population, these processes lead to the emergence of new species

19. Other Evidence of evolution
11) Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including…
the fossil record
biogeography
anatomy and development
biological molecules
Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions.

20. Biogeography
12) Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world and in time, it provides evidence of descent with modification.

21. Anatomy and Physiology
13) Homologous structures- similar body patterns in different species, shows common ancestry between these species.

22. Anatomy and Physiology
14) Analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins (developed differently).
Organisms with Analogous structures are not closely related, instead they have developed similar strategies for survival.

23. Anatomy and Physiology
15) Vestigial structures are structures that do not serve a purpose but did in the species’ past.
A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure.

24. Anatomy and Physiology
16) Related species show similarities in embryological development.

25. Biological Molecules
17) Biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins are used by all living organisms, indicating a common evolutionary history.
DNA  RNA  Proteins!
All known organisms are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization: genetic information encoded as nucleic acid is transcribed into rRNA, then translated into proteins by ribosomes. Perhaps most tellingly, the genetic code (is the same for almost every organism, meaning that a piece of DNA in a bacterium codes for the same amino acid as in a human cell).
In addition, ATP is used as energy currency by all life.

26. Reflection
Summarize Darwin’s ideas in your own words and provide an example
Make me proud!