1. Approach to Writing Thesis: A Practical Guideline for Students and their Supervisors.

2. Four Approaches to Doing Research and Writing Thesis
1. The regular approach
2. The replication approach                   
3. Case study approach
4. Critical Review approach

3. The regular approach Background: Why is it Important? For Each issue
Arguments is needed for each issue
Problem Statement: (1) Theoretical or (2) Phenomenon
What is wrong with (1) or with (2)
Arguments and discussion
Research Objective: gap should be solved and how to solve?
Contribution: should be clear based on the proposed solution

4. Replication Approach Background: why replication? Arguments needed
Problem Statement: what is wrong with new setting given the issue in the replicated
Research Objective: solving the solution given in the replicated
Contribution: proposed solution based on the issue in the replicated
Discuss the findings compared to the replicated

5. Case study approach Factual Summary Problem Statements
Analysis of problems
Solutions
Recommended Solution
Implementation

6. Factual Summary Comprehend case situation
Speed read case
Read case carefully, taking notes, underlining
Write the important facts and data leading to a problem(s)
For that purpose avoid to: Copy and paste the case material
Paraphrasing is required

7. Problem Statements
The case analysis is leading toward definition of a problem (s)
Problem? a situation where effective action can be planned to improve the situation of the organization‘
Indicates both areas needing corrective action and areas of opportunities for new actions
Some steps:
identify problem areas,
list problem area from notes and a rereading of case
use evidence to diagnose each problem area in turn

8. Identifying Problem Areas
Identify problem areas  situations exhibiting unusual behavior, conflicts, change, stagnation
The word problem is associated with the difference beween existing situation and some desired situation  . .. The process of problem finding is the process of finding differences
Thus, the problem-finder must comprehend both the existing state and identify te attainable state

9. The Modeling Approach to Problem Identification
Historical model
Model from the environment
Planning model
Personal model

10. Problem Statements
Based on the identification of problem area, problem(s) should be stated
Major ad Minor problems are OK
State problem explicitly

11. Analysis of problems
The objective of the analysis is to make sure the problems stated are `logical
Detailed data and facts are required
The analysis can also lead to the solutions

12. Solutions Sources of Solutions are concepts and experiences
List the possible solutions with pros and cons points
Any possible solutions should be explained clearly first before listing the pros and cons

13. Recommended Solutions
Given the possible solutions, recommend the most possible solution
Argumentations are required

14. Implementation
List efforts to be done to make the recommended solution workable
Contingency plan  if the recommended solution is not workable, what you are goingto?

15. Critical Review approach
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Attachment

16. Introduction Summary of Article Problem: Theoretical concept
Research methodology
Research findings

17. Discussion
Review of Theoretical Concept
Review of Research Methodology
Review of Research Findings

18. Conclusion:
This section contain conclusion you draw from based on your evaluation of main article you are commenting in terms of theoretical concept, methodological consideration, and research finding

19. MODEL OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH

20. DOCTORAL STUDY IS JOURNEY TO GET DOCTORAL DEGRE  THE END OF RESEARCH STUDY

22. why do doctoral researchers get asked to read so much?
(1) To map the field or fields relevant to the inquiry. This is likely to involve both showing something of the historical development of the field(s),discussing its empirical and theoretical bases and biases, as well as identifying major debates, key figures and seminal texts.
(2) To establish which studies, ideas and/or methods are most pertinent to the specific research being undertaken. No project starts from scratch – new research both uses and builds on existing findings. These pre-made building blocks are acknowledged through scrupulous citation practices.
(3) To create the warrant for the research. This may involve identifying gaps, bringing together ideas and approaches which have previously remained separate and/or speaking to a particular difficulty, puzzle or debate within the field. Through these three processes, researchers are equipped to not only argue why their research is needed and important, but they also are able:
(4) To identify the particular contribution that their research will make. Work with literatures allows researchers to name the conversation(s) which they will enter into and to articulate the ‘chunk’ of knowledge they are offering to the scholarly community.

23. SUBMIT THE FINAL RESEARCH DEFEND
PROCESS
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
SUBMIT THE FINAL RESEARCH
DEFEND
IMPORTAT ISSUE OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH IS CONTRIBUTION NOT COMPLEXITY

24. It's what makes your manuscript publishable
What is a research gap?
It's what makes your manuscript publishable
It's missing element in the existing research literature
It's the gap that you fill with your research approach

25. APPROCAH TO GETTING RESEARCH GAP
 Phenomena:
Mixed previous empirical results (positive/negative; significant/insignificant)
Conflicts in theoretical approach
Conflict in empirical methods
Arbitrage between literatures
Complex ( Rausser and Small, 2000: limited previous results, conflicts, arbitrage)
Your approach to resolve mixed results, conflict, or arbritrage

27. INTRODUCTION

28. LITERATURE REVIEW

29. METHODOLOGY

30. RESARCH FINDING

31. CONCLUSION

39. Background to the research
In journal articles, the introduction has the four stages outlined (Swales 1984):
establish the overall field, summarise previous research, indicate the research gap, and state the purpose of the article and outline it.
in a PhD thesis, these stages are spread through the whole of chapter 1 and parts of chapter 2, rather than in section 1.1.