1. War with Spain The war increased overseas possessions
The U.S. gains recognition as a “world power”
Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

2. A War for Principle February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba
High tariffs ruin sugar market
Cubans discontent with Spanish rule
Insurgents use guerilla tactics
Spain commits 200,000 troops, attempts to use 1878 tactics to defeat Cubans – this strategy fails
General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau
Relentless and brutal
He herded the native population into camps
Thousands died from unsanitary conditions and disease

3. A War for Principle
Yellow journalism – sensationalist reporting practiced mainly by a few NYC newspapers that wanted to increase sales
"Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence
Yellow journalism did NOT cause the war
McKinley gains Spanish concessions
McKinley wants a more humane end to the conflict
New government in Spain recalls Weyler, allows some Cuban autonomy
Spanish officers lead rots in Havana against the autonomy policy

4. A War for Principle February, 1898--explosion of the Maine
April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment"
April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

5. "A Splendid Little War" U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared
Problems of equipment and supply
regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles
Guard units possess old Springfield rifles
Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

6. “Smoked Yankees” African Americans serve in army Guard units
Black troops resist segregation
African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

7. The Course of the War
May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay
June--Cuba invaded
July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied
August 13--Philippines surrender

8. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

9. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

10. Acquisition of Empire
Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations
December Treaty of Paris
Cuba independent
U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

11. The Treaty of Paris Debate
Debate over annexation of the Philippines
Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League
February, ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

12. American Empire, 1900

13. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement
1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule
local self-government permitted
schedule established for independence
July 4, Philippine independence

14. World Colonial Empires, 1900

15. Governing the Empire
Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories
Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens
Navy controls Guam
Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation
Platt Amendment--U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

16. The Open Door March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China
no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area
Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

17. Outcome of the War with Spain
Teddy Roosevelt a war hero
Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans
Confirms Republicans as majority party
U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country