1. Crystallography H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Introduction and point groups
Stereographic projections
Low symmetry systems
Space groups
Deformation and texture
Interfaces, orientation relationships
Martensitic transformations

3. Materials, transformation temperatures & strength

4. Olson and Hartman, 1982

5. Olson and Hartman, 1982

6. Olson and Hartman, 1982

7. Diffusionless transformation?
Martensite can form at very low temperatures.
Martensite can grow very rapidly.
No composition change during transformation.

8. Shape of martensite ?

10. Irrational: why?

12. Orientation relationships: irrational

13. athermal transformation

14. Creation of a bi-crystal
cut and rotate by angle q about axis normal to diagram q

16. Glissile interface

18. Glissile interface cannot contain more than one set of dislocations.
Martensitic transformation only possible if the deformation which changes the parent into the product leaves one line undistorted and unrotated, i.e. an invariant-line.
Deformation is an invariant-line strain.

21. 50 mm

22. general invariant-plane straind s 1
uniaxial dilatation
simple shear
general invariant-plane strain
s=0.26
d=0.03

24. s d c r 1
Christian, 1957

26. body-centred cubic
cubic close-packed

27. b a a b b a 3 3 2 1 2 1 (a) (b) BAIN STRAIN (c) (d) Body-centered
tetragonal
cubic martensite
austenite

29. [001] b b' o
[100] a' a b
(a) o b'
(b)
a,a'

31. RB P P 1 2 (c) x w z y Martensite (wrong shape) Austenite (a) w x y z
Observed
shape,
wrong
structure P
(b) w x z y 1
Twinned
Martensite
Twin
Boundary
Correct macroscopic shape, correct structure x w z y z
Slipped
Martensite
LATTICE
-INVARIANT
DEFORMATION x w y

33. transformation twins (Wayman)

34. hexagonal close-packed
cubic close-packed

35. P 1 Austenite (a) w x y z Observed shape, correct structure (b) w x z

36. Brooks, Loretto and Smallman, 1979

38. a
+ strain a
Free Energy g a ag ga x x x
Carbon Concentration