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What are the necessary components for reproduction?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the necessary components for reproduction? 1) Gonads (ovaries -- create sex cells) 2) Ducts (fallopian tubes -- conducting gametes) 3) Uterus (provides for development of baby) 4) Vagina (receive sperm, allows birth) 5) Breasts (provide nourishment for infant)
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What is the route of an egg (oocyte)?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is the route of an egg (oocyte)? Ovary Uterine tube (oviduct) Uterus Cervical canal Vagina
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What are the external female anatomical structures?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the external female anatomical structures? Perineal area Urogenital triangle Anal triangle Clinical perineum
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Internal gross anatomy of female reproduction.
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Internal gross anatomy of female reproduction. What type of section? What are the structures identified? Sagittal anterior posterior Vertebrae Symphis pubis Uterus Urinary bladder Vagina You can compare to fig. 28.9
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What is oogenesis? Oogenesis = formation of a 2ndry oocyte
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is oogenesis? Oogenesis = formation of a 2ndry oocyte 4 mos. prepartum = 5 million oogonia By partuition many have degenerated = 2 million By puberty thousand Through reproductive age ~ 400 released
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What is oogenesis? 1st meiotic division
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is oogenesis? 1st meiotic division
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What is ovulation? 2nd meiotic division (after sperm enters)
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is ovulation? 2nd meiotic division (after sperm enters)
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How do oocytes get to the uterus?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do oocytes get to the uterus? Uterine tubes (also called fallopian tubes or oviducts)... Open directly into peritoneal cavity 3 layers: Serosa Muscularis Mucosa (ciliated) Why muscle and cilia? Move egg/zygote
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How do uterine structures relate to function?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do uterine structures relate to function? Size and shape of a pear 3 layers: serous (perimetrium) muscular (myometrium) mucous (endometrium) Endometrium has a functional layer Cervix secretes mucus
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How do vaginal structures relate to function?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do vaginal structures relate to function? Functions: Delivery Copulation Menses discharge Structures: Fornix Rugae Hymen Layers: Muscular and Mucous
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What is involved with lactation?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is involved with lactation? Mammary glands: modified sweat glands Lobule - Lobes Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous ducts empty via nipple Lymphatic vessels Fat Mammary ligaments sinus
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BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is breast cancer? Tumors may begin in cells of mammary glands or ducts. Can metastasize via lymph vessels Treatments: Lumpectomy, simple mastectomy & radical mastectomy
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What is involved with the female sex act?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is involved with the female sex act? Arousal causes 1) engorgement of erectile tissue Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum 2) Mucus/fluid secretion Vestibular glands and vaginal wall 3) Climax or orgasm
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What is involved with sexual maturation?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is involved with sexual maturation? Increased levels of GnRH Response of pituitary > FSH, LH FSH causes > follicle maturation and follicles/ovaries > estrogens and some androgens… results in: Secondary sex characteristics Feminine - estradiol Masculine - androgens Men-arche which is the first menstration Ovulation
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What is the menstrual cycle and what occurs?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is the menstrual cycle and what occurs? ...repeating sequence of events/phases (usually ~ 28 days in length) Menses: shed uterine lining and blood Proliferative phase: egg develops/uterus recovers Ovulation: egg is released Secretory phase: Uterus prepares for trophoblast
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Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Take 5!!! An ovulated egg (oocyte) is only viable for 1-2 days and sperm cells are only viable for up to 3 days, this results in a ~ 3-4 day window when intercourse is most likely to lead to fertilization. What days during the menstrual cycle is this period? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer. Is pregnancy likely to result from intercourse that occurs during menses? Why or why not?
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How does conception occur?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How does conception occur? Semen deposited in vagina Clotting factors cause formation of fibrin… keeps ejaculate in a “clot” near cervix Fibrinolysin breaks down fibrin, sperm start making their way towards the egg.
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How does conception occur?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How does conception occur? Sperm cells “digest” path through mucus plug and the womb’s defenses. Sperm cells reach the distal end of the fallopian tubes (ampulla) This is where fertilization occurs! Oocyte completes 2nd meiotic division Gametes unite and zygote moves towards the uterus
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How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do the sperm and egg unite? Sperm cells encounter oocyte… digest through outer layer of cells with enzymes in acrosome. When a single sperm penetrates the plasma membrane it triggers a cascade of chemical changes that inhibits additional spermatocyte penetrance
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How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do the sperm and egg unite?
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How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do the sperm and egg unite?
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How does a new life make maternal connections?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How does a new life make maternal connections? Blastocyst must implant in the uterus forming the placenta
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How is the placenta formed?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is the placenta formed? Cells from the trophoblast form 2 populations: cytotropho-blast & syncytiotropho-blast “Syn” tissue invades endometrium Maternal vessels eroded forming lacunae
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What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period?
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How is the placenta formed?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is the placenta formed? Membranes cover the embryonic side Non-membranous surface was continuous with the endometrium
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What happens between conception and birth?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What happens between conception and birth? Prenatal development 3 periods: 1) Germinal period = fertilization to 2nd week 2 wks 8 wks 2) Embryonic period = 3rd to 8th week 3) Fetal period = weeks Grand total of around 38 weeks! 18 wks Also divided into 3 “tri” periods called trimesters: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.
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What are the key events during the germinal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the germinal period? 1st 2 weeks resistant to outside influences. Early on the several celled mass is pluripotent 3 Germ layers are formed: Endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm
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What are the key events during the embryonic period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the embryonic period? Somites form Body cavities form Organogenesis occurs Neural folds form, become neural tube and neural crest cells Limb buds & face develop
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Can things go wrong during embryonic period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Can things go wrong during embryonic period? Although insensitive during germinal period, sensitive to external variables during organogenesis thalidomide (limb bud development errors) Lack of folic acid (Meningomyelocele) Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
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What are the key events during the fetal period? Growth phase Lanugo
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period? Growth phase Lanugo Vernix caseosa Fetus grows faster than placenta initiates stress Parturition
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Are fetuses human beings with a soul?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Are fetuses human beings with a soul? Samuel’s story
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What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period?
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What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period?
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What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period?
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What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the key events during the fetal period?
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What are the events associated with parturition? Fetal stress
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What are the events associated with parturition? Fetal stress “Baby drops” or engages Oxytocin released Loss of mucus plug and blood from cervix Dilation/efacement of the cervix (shortens and opens) “Water breaks” amniotic sac bursts releasing fluid Crowning Birth
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