1. What are the necessary components for reproduction?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the necessary components for reproduction?
1) Gonads (ovaries -- create sex cells)
2) Ducts (fallopian tubes -- conducting gametes)
3) Uterus (provides for development of baby)
4) Vagina (receive sperm, allows birth)
5) Breasts (provide nourishment for infant)

2. What is the route of an egg (oocyte)?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the route of an egg (oocyte)?
Ovary
Uterine tube (oviduct)
Uterus
Cervical canal
Vagina

3. What are the external female anatomical structures?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the external female anatomical structures?
Perineal area
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
Clinical perineum

4. Internal gross anatomy of female reproduction.
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Internal gross anatomy of female reproduction.
What type of section?
What are the structures identified?
Sagittal
anterior
posterior
Vertebrae
Symphis pubis
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
You can compare to fig. 28.9

5. What is oogenesis? Oogenesis = formation of a 2ndry oocyte
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is oogenesis?
Oogenesis = formation of a 2ndry oocyte
4 mos. prepartum = 5 million oogonia
By partuition many have degenerated = 2 million
By puberty thousand
Through reproductive age ~ 400 released

6. What is oogenesis? 1st meiotic division
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is oogenesis?
1st meiotic division

7. What is ovulation? 2nd meiotic division (after sperm enters)
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is ovulation?
2nd meiotic division (after sperm enters)

8. How do oocytes get to the uterus?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do oocytes get to the uterus?
Uterine tubes (also called fallopian tubes or oviducts)...
Open directly into peritoneal cavity
3 layers: Serosa Muscularis Mucosa (ciliated)
Why muscle and cilia?
Move egg/zygote

9. How do uterine structures relate to function?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do uterine structures relate to function?
Size and shape of a pear
3 layers: serous (perimetrium) muscular (myometrium) mucous (endometrium)
Endometrium has a functional layer
Cervix secretes mucus

10. How do vaginal structures relate to function?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do vaginal structures relate to function?
Functions:
Delivery
Copulation
Menses discharge
Structures:
Fornix
Rugae
Hymen
Layers: Muscular and Mucous

11. What is involved with lactation?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is involved with lactation?
Mammary glands:
modified sweat glands Lobule - Lobes Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous ducts empty via nipple
Lymphatic vessels
Fat
Mammary ligaments
sinus

12. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is breast cancer?
Tumors may begin in cells of mammary glands or ducts.
Can metastasize via lymph vessels
Treatments: Lumpectomy, simple mastectomy & radical mastectomy

13. What is involved with the female sex act?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is involved with the female sex act?
Arousal causes 1) engorgement of erectile tissue
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
2) Mucus/fluid secretion
Vestibular glands and vaginal wall
3) Climax or orgasm

14. What is involved with sexual maturation?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is involved with sexual maturation?
Increased levels of GnRH
Response of pituitary > FSH, LH
FSH causes > follicle maturation
and follicles/ovaries > estrogens and some androgens… results in:
Secondary sex characteristics
Feminine - estradiol
Masculine - androgens
Men-arche which is the first menstration
Ovulation

15. What is the menstrual cycle and what occurs?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the menstrual cycle and what occurs?
...repeating sequence of events/phases (usually ~ 28 days in length)
Menses: shed uterine lining and blood
Proliferative phase: egg develops/uterus recovers
Ovulation: egg is released
Secretory phase: Uterus prepares for trophoblast

16. Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Take 5!!!
An ovulated egg (oocyte) is only viable for 1-2 days and sperm cells are only viable for up to 3 days, this results in a ~ 3-4 day window when intercourse is most likely to lead to fertilization. What days during the menstrual cycle is this period?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
Is pregnancy likely to result from intercourse that occurs during menses? Why or why not?

17. How does conception occur?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does conception occur?
Semen deposited in vagina
Clotting factors cause formation of fibrin… keeps ejaculate in a “clot” near cervix
Fibrinolysin breaks down fibrin, sperm start making their way towards the egg.

18. How does conception occur?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does conception occur?
Sperm cells “digest” path through mucus plug and the womb’s defenses.
Sperm cells reach the distal end of the fallopian tubes (ampulla)
This is where fertilization occurs!
Oocyte completes 2nd meiotic division
Gametes unite and zygote moves towards the uterus

19. How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do the sperm and egg unite?
Sperm cells encounter oocyte… digest through outer layer of cells with enzymes in acrosome.
When a single sperm penetrates the plasma membrane it triggers a cascade of chemical changes that inhibits additional spermatocyte penetrance

20. How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do the sperm and egg unite?

21. How do the sperm and egg unite?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do the sperm and egg unite?

22. How does a new life make maternal connections?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does a new life make maternal connections?
Blastocyst must implant in the uterus forming the placenta

23. How is the placenta formed?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How is the placenta formed?
Cells from the trophoblast form 2 populations: cytotropho-blast & syncytiotropho-blast
“Syn” tissue invades endometrium
Maternal vessels eroded forming lacunae

24. What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?

25. How is the placenta formed?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How is the placenta formed?
Membranes cover the embryonic side
Non-membranous surface was continuous with the endometrium

26. What happens between conception and birth?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What happens between conception and birth?
Prenatal development 3 periods:
1) Germinal period = fertilization to 2nd week
2 wks
8 wks
2) Embryonic period = 3rd to 8th week
3) Fetal period = weeks
Grand total of around 38 weeks!
18 wks
Also divided into 3 “tri” periods called trimesters:
1st, 2nd and 3rd.

27. What are the key events during the germinal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the germinal period?
1st 2 weeks resistant to outside influences.
Early on the several celled mass is pluripotent
3 Germ layers are formed:
Endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm

28. What are the key events during the embryonic period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the embryonic period?
Somites form
Body cavities form
Organogenesis occurs
Neural folds form, become neural tube and neural crest cells
Limb buds & face develop

29. Can things go wrong during embryonic period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Can things go wrong during embryonic period?
Although insensitive during germinal period, sensitive to external variables during organogenesis
thalidomide (limb bud development errors)
Lack of folic acid (Meningomyelocele)
Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)

30. What are the key events during the fetal period? Growth phase Lanugo
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?
Growth phase
Lanugo
Vernix caseosa
Fetus grows faster than placenta initiates stress
Parturition

31. Are fetuses human beings with a soul?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Are fetuses human beings with a soul?
Samuel’s story

32. What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?

33. What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?

34. What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?

35. What are the key events during the fetal period?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the key events during the fetal period?

36. What are the events associated with parturition? Fetal stress
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the events associated with parturition?
Fetal stress
“Baby drops” or engages
Oxytocin released
Loss of mucus plug and blood from cervix
Dilation/efacement of the cervix (shortens and opens)
“Water breaks” amniotic sac bursts releasing fluid
Crowning
Birth