1. Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. How to Study? 1. Microscopy
a. Light Microscopy (LM)
i. Advantages
Magnification
Resolution
Depth of Field
ii. Types

2. b. Electron Microscopy (EM) (using electrons for illumination)
i. Advantages
Magnification
Resolution
Depth of Field
ii. Types
TEM
SEM

3. 2. Cell Fractionalization (separate by mass )
a. Technique
b. Advantages
i. Whole samples
ii. Specificity
iii. Starting Point

4. 3. Cell Staining a. Vital Staining (come from plant pigments)
for Contrast
b. Antibody Staining (come from animal responses to infections)
More Specific Contrast

5. II. Parts of a Cell A. Barriers 1. Cell Walls (for rigidity)
a. Prokaryotes (strong but flexible)
b. Fungi (strong but less flexible)

6. c. Plants (strong but minimal flexibility)
Figure 3.7

7. 2. Cell Membrane (every cell has one and same basic structure)
Figure 5.1
Figure 3.9A

8. B. Cytosol = Cell Sap (cytoplasm or Protoplasm)
1. Consistency
Colloidal Suspension (like thickening Jell-O)
2. Molecular make-up
92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

9. Representative Animal Cell Representative Plant Cell
Figure 4.4A
Figure 4.4B

10. C. Organelles = Cell Machinery
1. Membrane Bound
a. Nucleus (holds DNA)
Figure 4.5
Envelope (double bilayer) with pores, nucleolus, and chromatin (DNA or chromosomes)

11. b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi (builders, modifiers, and temporary storage)
Figure 4.8A
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.9

12. i. Lysosome (cells structure waste) ii. Peroxisome (atomic waste)
c. House Cleaners
i. Lysosome (cells structure waste)
ii. Peroxisome (atomic waste)
Figure 4.10A & B

13. i. Chloroplast (Photosynthesis)
d. Energy Transformers
i. Chloroplast (Photosynthesis)
& ii. Mitochondria (Cell Respiration)
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14

14. e. Vacuoles (containers)
i. Animal Types = Food or Contractile
ii. Plant Types = Central, Amyloplasts, & Chromoplasts

15. 2. Non-Membrane Bound
a. Cytoskeleton (internal cell webbing or scaffolding)
Figure 4.16

16. b. Ribosomes (Protein factories)
Figure 4.6
c. Centriole (spindle builders)

17. D. Cellular Specializations
1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions to increase cell’s overall surface area
Figure 4.17A
2. Cilia = longer, moving internal cellular extensions (from a basal body to move something across the cell surface.

18. 3. Flagella = longest to move the entire cell
Figure 4.17C & 4.18

19. E. Intercellular Junctions
1. Plants
Figure 4.21
a. Tight Junctions
2. Animals
b. Desmosomes
Figure 4.20
c. Gap Junctions

20. F. Extracellular Matrix (Molecules outside a cell)
Figure 4.19