1. Animal Systems – Part 1: Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Pre AP Biology
Animal Systems – Part 1:
Endocrine and Nervous Systems

2. Hormones

3. Negative Feedback Loop

4. Positive Feedback Loop

5. Overview of the Nervous System

6. CNS vs. PNS

7. Neuron Structure

8. Synapse and Neurotransmitter
Synapse animation

9. Na+/K+ pumps Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to the sodium-potassium pump
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
[Na+] high
[K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
[Na+] low
[K+] high
ATP P
Na+ P
CYTOPLASM
ADP
Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to
the sodium-potassium pump
Na+ binding stimulates
phosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation causes
the protein to change its
conformation, expelling Na+
to the outside. K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ P P K+
Extracellular K+ binds
to the protein, triggering
release of the phosphate
group.
Loss of the phosphate
restores the protein’s
original conformation.
K+ is released and Na+
sites are receptive again;
the cycle repeats.

10. Action Potential Animation
Impulse generation
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ K+
Rising phase of the action potential K+
Falling phase of the action potential
+50
Action
potential
Na+
Na+
Membrane potential
(mV)
–50
Threshold K+
Resting potential
–100
Depolarization
Time
Na+
Na+
Extracellular fluid
Potassium
channel
Activation
gates
Na+ K+
Plasma membrane
Undershoot
Cytosol
Sodium
channel K+
Inactivation
gate
Action Potential Animation
Resting state

11. Membrane potential (mV)
Figure 48.11a
Action potential
Threshold
Resting potential
Time
Membrane potential (mV)
50
100
50 1 2 3 4 5 11

12. Reflex Arc The simplest neural athway

13. Lobes of the Brain

14. Somatosensory Map

15. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Pre AP Biology
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

16. Open Circulatory (left) & Closed Circulatory (right)

17. Heart Structure Atrium – receives blood Ventricles – pump blood out

18. Blood Vessel Types

19. Blood flow through a 4 chambered heart
Animation of heart pumping

20. Where is the blood?

21. Blood Cell Types

22. Gas Exchange in Many Forms…
one-celled
amphibians
echinoderms
insects
fish
mammals
endotherm vs. ectotherm
size
cilia
water vs. land •
Endotherms have larger surface area of respiratory surfaces because of their increased metabolic demands.
Gills, trachea, lungs

23. Working Together

24. Human Respiratory System

25. Digestive System and Excretory (Urinary) System
Pre AP Biology
Digestive System and Excretory (Urinary) System

26. Undernourished

27. Overnourished

28. Malnurished

29. Feeding Types - Herbivore

30. Feeding Types - Carnivore

31. Feeding Types - Omnivore

32. Suspension/filter Feeders

33. Substrate Feeders

34. Deposit Feeders

35. Fluid feeders

36. Bulk Feeders

37. Gastrovascular Cavitiy

38. Digestive Tracts

40. Transport Epithelium Moving molecules across a membrane

41. Amino Acid structure (Remove the amine on the left)

42. Nitrogenous Waste forms Just mixture of NH3 & CO2

43. Urine Production

44. Human nephron structure

45. Human Excretory organ & system

46. Immune, Skeletal, Muscle, Integumentary, Reproductive Systems
AP Biology
Immune, Skeletal, Muscle, Integumentary, Reproductive Systems

47. Glycolipids and Glycoproteins of the ECM

48. Innate Immunity

49. Body Passages and Innate Immunity
Trachea lined with ciliated cells and cells that secrete mucus.
Esophagus leads to stomach with a pH of 1-2 (acidic) which kills most pathogens
Urinary tract has lower pH (again acidic) and is flushed with urine.
Tear ducts with lysozymes.
Reproductive tract also has a lower pH (acidic once more).
Body passages-
Trachea has mucus produced by the respiratory system. This mucus traps particles and the cilia sweep it out of the tube (to the back of the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach and destroyed by the acid). The orange cells produce mucus that that traps microorganisms that enter. The yellow cells are ciliated which beat in unison to expel mucus and trapped microorganisms upward to pharynx.
Esophagus leads to stomach with pH of 1-2 which kills most invading pathogens. No matter how hard you wash an apple, you still swallow thousands of microorganisms.
All openings into the body are lined with mucous producing membranes. SO anything that enters the human body has to either cross the skin or a mucous membrane.
The lower pH of the urinary and reproductive tract help prevent the entry of pathogens.

50. Inflammatory Response
Pathogen
Pin
Blood clot
Macrophage
Blood
clotting
elements
Chemical signals
Phagocytic cells
Capillary
Phagocytosis
Red blood cell

52. Skeletal System

53. Muscle System

54. Types of muscle cells

55. Integumentary System

56. Reproductive System

57. Organs of the reproductive system