1. 医学史 （4） A Brief History of Medicine
Yu Hai

2. Egypt Babylon India China Greece Rome Medieval Arabic
Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India China
Greece
Rome
Medieval Arabic
Renaissance
Pre-modern medicine
Modern medicine TCM
Western Medicine

3. Civilization and Medicine in ancient Greece

4. 古希腊文明Greek Civilization
2800－1400BC，Minoan Civilization in Island Crete，Mycenaean Civilization in Peloponnese
1100 BC Dark Age (no written record): Dorian invasion
750 BC Emerging of poleis (city states)
8-4 century BC，The Golden Age
BC Conquered by Alexander the Great (Hellenistic civilization)
146 BC Roman conquest
30 BC ruled by Roman Empire

5. Civilization of Ancient Greece
Parthenon Temple of Athens

6. 古希腊文明

7. Civilization of Ancient Greece
Plato
Archimedes
Euclid
Socrates
Aristotle

8. Civilization of Ancient Greece

9. Civilization and Medicine in ancient Greece
Trojan War (11-9 BC)
Achilles and Patroclus
Achilles and Patroclus
Homer
epic poet, author of
Iliad and Odyssey

10. Ancient Greece Medicine
Temple of Asclepius

11. 古希腊医学Ancient Greece
A sick child brought to presbyter in the temple of Asclepius John Waterhouse 1877

12. 古希腊医学 Ancient Greece
Hippocrates
The Father of Medicine
( B.C)

13. Cos Island and
Cos School of Medicine

14. 古希腊医学 Medicine of Ancient Greece
The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers
Humoralism：Four humors, Four temperaments based on Empedocles’ Four ultimate elements
Holistic medicine and prevention

15. Humoralism of Hippocrates
Element Humor feature Temperament
Fire blood hot/wet sanguine
Water Phlegm cold/wet phlegmatic
Air yellow bile hot/dry choleric
Earth black bile cold/dry melancholic

16. 古希腊医学 Ancient Greece Four Temperaments (Personality types): Sanguine
Phlegmatic
Choleric
Melancholic
多血质
黏液质
多血质
黏液质
Individuals with sanguine temperaments are extroverted and social. Choleric people have energy, passion and charisma. Melancholics are creative, kind and considerate. Phlegmatic temperaments are characterized by dependability, kindness, and affection.
胆汁质
抑郁质
胆汁质
忧郁质

17. The contribution of Hippocrates to medicine
Hippocrates is the first physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet and living habits.
Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice.  The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kept, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. 

18. Oath of Hippocrates
A  12th-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath,.

19. Hippocratic Oath
I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath. To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art.
I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.
I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.
But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

20. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.
In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.
All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.
If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

22. DECLARATION OF GENEVA：The Physician’s Pledge
As a member of the medical profession:
I solemnly pledge to dedicate my life to the service of humanity;
the health and well-being of my patient will be my first consideration;
I will respect the autonomy and dignity of my patient;
I will maintain the utmost respect for human life;
I will not permit considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing, or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient;
I will respect the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died;
I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity and in accordance with good medical practice;

23. I make these promises solemnly, freely, and upon my honor.
I will foster the honor and noble traditions of the medical profession;
I will give to my teachers, colleagues, and students the respect and gratitude that is their due;
I will share my medical knowledge for the benefit of the patient and the advancement of healthcare;
I will attend to my own health, well-being, and abilities in order to provide care of the highest standard;
I will not use my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil liberties, even under threat;
I make these promises solemnly, freely, and upon my honor.
（Adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the World Medical Association, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1948 and amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968 and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 and the 46th WMA General Assembly, Stockholm, Sweden, September 1994 and editorially revised at the 170th Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005 and the 173rd Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2006, October 2017）

24. 医学生誓言 我志愿献身医学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守医德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，全面发展。
健康所系，性命相托。当我步入神圣医学学府的时刻，谨庄严宣誓：
我志愿献身医学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守医德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，全面发展。
我决心竭尽全力除人类之病痛，助健康之完美，维护医术的圣洁和荣誉，救死扶伤，不畏艰辛，执着追求，为祖国医药卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

25. The Oath of Medical Students
Health ties to, life relies on.
The moment I step into this sacred temple of medical education, I pledge solemnly-
I will devote myself to medicine, with the loyalty to my country and love to my people;
I will scrupulously abide by professional morality, respect teachers and observe discipline;
I will study assiduously and improve my professional proficiency constantly for all-round development of myself.
I will do my utmost to relieve people’s suffering and to improve people’s health, to safeguard the holy and honor of medicine;
I will heal the wounded and rescue the dying, regardless the hardships
I am determined to seek truth for life long and to dedicate all my life to medical science and to people’s health.

27. 希波克拉底格言 Hippocrates’ Aphorism
Life is short, and Art long; the crisis fleeting; experience perilous, and decision difficult. The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants and externals cooperate.
For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure are most suitable.
Those things which require to be evacuated should be evacuated, wherever they most tend, by the proper outlets.
It is better not to apply any treatment in cases of occult cancer; for, if treated, the patients die quickly; but if not treated, they hold out for a long time.

28. Hippocrates refuses gifts offered by Artaxerxes, king of the Persians and enemy of the Greeks by Girodet from 1792
Hippocrates refuses gifts offered by Artaxerxes, king of the Persians and enemy of the Greeks by Girodet from 1792
May be apocryphal story.

29. Civilization and Medicine of Rome
BC early agriculture community
735 BC City of Rome
510-25BC Roman Republic
25BC-476AD Roman Empire

30. Roman Mythology:  
Rome was founded  in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus on Tiber river side, the twin sons of Mars who were reared and suckled by a she-wolf.

31. 罗马帝国 Roman Empire Caesar Augustus (27b.c.-14 a.d.) (100-44b.c.)
vini, vidi, vici
Augustus (27b.c.-14 a.d.)

32. 罗马帝国 Roman Empire

33. 罗马帝国 Roman Empire
Colosseum
Gladiator

34. 罗马帝国 Roman Empire
Water supply and draining system“Good in drain, not in brain”
Pon tu Gard of Nimes
aqueduct bridge (flume)
Satirize

35. 罗马帝国 Roman Empire Public health and sanitation：Public toilets and bath
Bath of England
Private bath and public toilet in Pompey relics (79a.d)

36. Vespasianus (9-79 AD) vespasienne（urinal） first pay toilet Pecunia non Olet vespasiano （Italian） （money does not smell）.

37. Roman Medicine
Galen of Pergamon
( AD)

38. Galen of Pergamon Therapeutics in temple of the god Asclepius
Chief physician for gladiators
Personal physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and others
Great anatomist
Pioneer of experimental physiology

39. Galen of Pergamon
dissection of human corpses was against Roma law, so instead he used pigs, apes and other animals

40. Galen of Pergamon Natural spirit 自然灵 Vital spirit 生命灵
Understanding the circulation： The heart and arteries, responsible for life-giving energy; and the liver and veins, responsible for nutrition and growth, the brain to make psychic pneuma, a subtle material that is the vehicle of sensation
Natural spirit 自然灵
Vital spirit 生命灵
Animal spirit 动物灵

41. Galen of Pergamon Pioneer of Experimental physiology
Arteries carry blood not air
Urine formation in the kidney not bladder
Recurrent laryngeal nerve controls voice
Performing transections of the spinal cord

42. The influence of Galen
Galen’s writings achieved wide circulation during his lifetime, and copies of some of his works survive that were written within a generation of his death. By ad 500 his works were being taught and summarized at Alexandria, and his theories were already crowding out those of others in the medical handbooks of the Byzantine world.
 From the late 11th century Ḥunayn’s translations, commentaries on them by Arab physicians, and sometimes the original Greek writings themselves were translated into Latin. These Latin versions came to form the basis of medical education in the new medieval universities.
Hunayn ibn Ishaq

43. Middle Ages 中世纪
Start from 476AD, the fall of Western Rome Empire by German (nomadic: Goths, Frank, Vandal, Anglo-Saxon) lasted for roughly a millennium
(5-15th century)
 three "ages“ of European history: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern period

44. 中世纪 Middle Ages The Inquisition
As Christianity grew in influence, a tension developed between the church and folk-medicine, since much in folk medicine was magical, or mystical, and had its basis in sources that were not compatible with Christian faith.  The church taught that God sometimes sent illness as a punishment, and that in these cases, repentance could lead to a recovery.
The Inquisition
1232 Pope Gregory IX

45. The Inquisition
Stake
(execution by burning) 火
Trial by Inquisition

46. 中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine
Conformation

47. 中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine
Urine exam

48. 中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine
放血术 Bloodletting

49. 中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine
In the Medieval period the term hospital encompassed hostels for travelers, dispensaries for poor relief, clinics and surgeries for the injured, and homes for the blind, lame, elderly, and mentally ill. Monastic hospitals developed many treatments, both therapeutic and spiritual. Patients were supposed to help each other through prayer and calm, perhaps benefiting as
much from this as from any
physical treatment offered.

50. 中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine
From the founding of the Universities of Paris (1150) , Bologna   (1158) , Oxford (1167), Montpelier (1181) and Padua (1222), the initial work of Salerno was extended across Europe. To qualify as a Doctor of Medicine took ten years including original Arts training, and so the numbers of such fully qualified physicians remained comparatively small.

51. Student Presentation Time: 3/29 Thursday，4/2 Monday，4/9 Thursday
Topic: Any things related to History of Medicine
Grouping: 6-8 persons/group, on volunteer basis
The topic and list of each group, the names of presenters and the preferable date of presentation should be sent Miss Hu Xiaoqian before 3/22 by
Each presentation should be less than 10’ with ppt, followed by 5’ discussion.

52. The End
Thanks