1. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles

2. Organelle Groupings The Endomembrane System
Nucleus (and associated parts)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum/ Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles and Lysosomes
Energy Production Organelles
Mitochondrion (animal/plant)
Chloroplast (plant)
Cell Boundaries
Cell Membrane (animal/plant)
Cell wall (plant)
Structure and Movement
Vacuoles (more for storage)
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and Flagella

3. Endomembrane Overview
Plays a key role in synthesis (and hydrolysis) of macromolecules in cell
Example: make proteins
Various organelles modify macromolecules for various functions

4. Making Proteins for Outside of the Cell

5. Making Proteins for Outside of the Cell
Nucleolus produces ribosomes
Ribosomes travel to Rough ER
Nucleus DNA transcribes to RNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to ribosomes
Ribosomes produce proteins
ER transports proteins throughout cell
Vesicles from ER transport protein to golgi
Golgi apparatus packages proteins
Vesicles transport them out of cell

6. endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
protein on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
vesicle
ribosomes
protein
finished protein
Golgi apparatus
Making Proteins

7. Putting it together… Making proteins cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane
transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear pore
nucleus
ribosome
cell
membrane
protein secreted
cytoplasm

8. Building Proteins The Protein Assembly Line Golgi apparatus nucleus
Organelles involved
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
Golgi apparatus
nucleus
ribosome ER
vesicles

9. Two cells components involved in genetic control of the cell
Eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
Two cells components involved in genetic control of the cell
Nucleus:
Houses most of the cell’s DNA
Ribosomes:
Use information from the DNA to make proteins

10. Nucleus Function: control center of cell Contains DNA
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed

11. Nucleolus Function ribosome production
build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes
small
subunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &
proteins
nucleolus

12. Nucleus Contains DNA Function: control center of cell
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed

13. production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
nuclear
membrane 1
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
small
ribosomal
subunit
large
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore 2
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore

14. Ribosomes Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein
Large subunit + small subunit
Types:
Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell or for membranes
membrane proteins

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Network of membranes and sacs
Rough ER: ribosomes on surface
Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi
Which cells have lot of rough ER?
Which cells have a lot of ER?
protein production cells like pancreas = production of digestive enzymes (rough endoplasmic reticulum from a cell of exocrine pancreas (88000X))
Proteins enter ER lumen where they are checked for correct folding and modified
Ex. carb chain added to glycoproteins in the rough ER

16. Vesicle transport
Move molecules between different locations within the cell
vesicle
budding
from rough ER
fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
migrating
transport
protein
ribosome

17. Golgi Apparatus
Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes
Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Cis face: receives vesicles
Trans face: ships vesicles

20. Putting it together… Making proteins cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane
transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear pore
nucleus
ribosome
cell
membrane
protein secreted
cytoplasm

21. Making Energy
Groups of 3 ONLY

22. Cells need power Making energy take in food & digest it
take in oxygen (O2)
remove waste
make ATP

23. Making Energy in Animal Cell

24. Making Energy in Animal Cell
A large food particle enters the cell membrane.
Vacuole will store and transport the food to the lysosome
Lysosome will digest the large particle into smaller sub-units
Mitochondria will use these subunits to create energy.
Mitochondria will give the energy to all the organelles so they can perform their function

25. Making Energy for the Cell
lysosomes
vacuole
small food particle
digesting food

26. Vacuoles and Vesicles Examples Central vacuoles Function
Transport vesicles
Central vacuoles
Function
Storage of nutrients
Stabilize water pressure in cell
storing defensive compounds against herbivores
Example: onions!!!

27. Vacuoles= water and food storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
contractile vacuole
Contractile vacuoles- in protists, pump out excess water.

28. Lysosomes
Structure
Membrane-bounded sac of enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules
Lipase= digests lipids
Amylase= starch and sugars
Protease= proteins
Little “stomach/cleaning crew” for cell
Only in animal cells

29. Cellular Digestion: Food Vacuoles work with Lysosomes
Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
Polymers are digested into monomers
lyso– = breaking things apart
–some = body

30. Lysosome: The Recycler
Lysosomes digesting food
Lysosomes breaking down damaged organelles

31. What if a lysosome digestive enzyme doesn’t function?
When Things Go Wrong…
What if a lysosome digestive enzyme doesn’t function?
picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
lysosomes fill up with undigested material
Lysosomes grow larger and larger
Lysosomal storage diseases are usually fatal
Tay-Sachs disease
Lipids build up in brain cells
Child dies before 5 yrs old.

32. But sometimes cells need to die…
Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed
some cells have to die for proper development in an organism
apoptosis
“auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open & kill cell
ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development
Feedback mechanism
There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes.
Brown spots on leaves too.
Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even cells around it to wall off virus.
Apoptosis Animation

33. ATP Function Structure Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells
make ATP energy from cellular respiration
sugar + O2  ATP
fuels the work of life
Structure
double membrane
ATP
Main Function: use energy from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development and movement
in both animal & plant cells

34. Mitochondria Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity
more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria
active cells:
• muscle cells
• nerve cells
What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?