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Chapter 11 Inventing the Internet

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1 Chapter 11 Inventing the Internet

2 3 Big Ideas of Internet Packet switching Distributed hierarchy
Modularization: dividing functions into layers

3 Packet Switching Circuit-switching Packet-switching:
dedicated network resources FDMA, TDMA, CDMA not all resources used constantly! Packet-switching: sharing network resources bursty nature of data application

4 Advantages of Packet Switching
“Statistical” multiplexing no dedicated resources multiple sessions can share one path available supply is used as long as there is unserved demand not wasting anything when idle Resource pooling one session can use multiple paths Owning a car: dedicated resource vs. …....

5 Kleinrock and 1st Router
IMP: Interface Message processor

6 ARPANET 1968: ARPA 1969: BBN Technologies Growth (ARPANET)
Created plan for large packet-switched computer network 1969: BBN Technologies Received contract to build first computers for network Growth (ARPANET) UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, University of Utah 1970 – 9 institutions by June, 13 by Dec, 18 by next September

7 NSFNET 1974: TCP/IP 1985 – 1995: NSFNET Robert Kahn & Vinton Cerf
Protocol: “language” for devices Scalable way to connect hosts Became part of “Internet” in 1983 1985 – 1995: NSFNET Academic research network Not for commercial activities until 1990s! Three tiered structure Backbone had 14 nodes by 1991

8 The “Internet” Early 1990s Number of devices
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1994: World Wide Web (WWW) & web browser 1995: NSFNET decommissioned, superseded by commercial “Internet” Number of devices Today: 2 – 3 times more interconnected devices than people 2020: 6 – 7 times …

9 Circuit Switching Advantage
Debate runs far and deep Guarantee of Quality Circuit Switching Each session has a dedicated circuit Throughput and delay performance will not change! Packet Switching Best-effort service: no guarantees Links get congested, messages arrive out of order, …

10 Packet Switching Advantages
Ease of Connectivity no need to allocate resources first transmit at will, as long as protocols are followed Scalability large number of diverse sessions obtained through high efficiency (1) Statistical multiplexing (2) Resource pooling

11 Packet vs. Circuit Summary
In the end, packet switching won the day Not clear until early 2000s Scalability first, then search for other quality control solutions

12 Distributed Hierarchy
Internet is large geographically ISPs own different portions tier-1: AT&T, Verizon, Level 3, … global footprint full mesh peering form Internet backbone tier-2: Vodafone, Comcast, … may also peer customer-provider with tier-1 tier-3: campus, corporate, … take traffic only to and from customers customer-provider with tier-2 Each ISP is an Autonomous System (AS)

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