1. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
You have probably noticed that different people have different characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, and ear lobes that do or do not attach directly to their head. Where do you think people get these different traits?

2. Chapter 5 Who Was Gregor Mendel?
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Who Was Gregor Mendel?
Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria.
At age 21, Mendel entered a monastery. He performed many scientific experiments in the monastery garden.
Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

3. Chapter 5 Mendel used garden pea plants for his experiments.
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel used garden pea plants for his experiments.
Self-Pollinating Peas have both male and female reproductive structures. So, pollen from one flower can fertilize the ovule of the same flower.
When a true-breeding plant self pollinates, all of the offspring will have the same trait as the parent.

4. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Pea plants can also cross-pollinate. Pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant.
The image below shows cross-pollination and self-pollination.

5. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Characteristics Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time. A characteristic is a feature that has different forms in a population.
Different forms of a characteristic are called traits.

6. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mix and Match Mendel was careful to use plants that were true breeding for each of the traits he was studying. By doing so, he would know what to expect if his plants were to self-pollinate.

7. Mendel’s First Experiments
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s First Experiments
Mendel crossed pea plants to study seven different characteristics.
Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait was always present in the first generation, and the other trait seemed to disappear.
Mendel called the trait that appeared the dominant trait. The trait that seemed to fade into the background was called the recessive trait.

8. Chapter 5 Mendel’s Second Experiments
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second
Experiments
To find out more about recessive traits, Mendel allowed the first-generation plants to self-pollinate.
In each case some of the second-generation plats had the recessive trait.

9. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Ratios in Mendel’s Experiments The recessive trait did not show up as often as the dominant trait.
Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits.

10. Chapter 5 In all cases the ratio was about 3:1 dominant : recessive.
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
In all cases the ratio was about 3:1 dominant : recessive.

11. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Gregor Mendel – Gone But Not Forgotten Mendel realized that his results could be explained only if each plant had two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
Mendel’s work opened the door to modern genetics.

12. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Bellwork
If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again?

13. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Mendel knew that there must be two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
The instructions for an inherited trait are called genes.
The different forms (often dominant and recessive) of a gene are alleles.
Phenotype An organism’s appearance is known as its phenotype. Genes affect the phenotype.

14. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Genotype The combination of inherited alleles together form an organism’s genotype.
Punnett Squares are used to organize all the possible genotype combinations of offspring from particular parents.

15. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance

16. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Probability is the mathematical chance that something will happen.
Probability is most often written as a fraction of percentage.

17. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2  1/2, which equals 1/4, or 25%.

18. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Incomplete Dominance Researchers have found that sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another.
One Gene, Many Traits Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait.
Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together.

19. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
The Importance of Environment Genes aren’t the only influences on traits. A combination of things determine an individual’s characteristics.
Your environment also influences how you grow.
Lifestyle choices can also affect a person’s traits.

20. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Bellwork
Write a sentence to describe each of the following terms: heredity, genotype, and phenotype. Note how genotype and phenotype are related, and how they are different. Is heredity necessarily a factor in both genotype and phenotype? Why or why not?

21. Chapter 5 Asexual Reproduction
Section 3 Meiosis
Asexual Reproduction
In asexual reproduction, only one parent cell is needed. The structures inside the cell are copied, and then the parent cell divides, makes two exact copies.
This type of cell reproduction is called mitosis. Most of the cells in your body and most single-celled organisms reproduce this way.

22. Mitosis – pg in notebook
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Mitosis – pg in notebook

23. Chapter 5 Sexual Reproduction
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
In sexual reproduction, two parent cells (sex cells) join together to form offspring that are different from both parents.
Chromosomes that carry the same sets of genes are called homologous chromosomes.
Each sex cell has only one of the chromosomes from the homologous pair.

24. Chapter 5 Meiosis Sex cells are made during meiosis.
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis Sex cells are made during meiosis.
Meiosis is a copying process that produces cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.

25. Genes are located on chromosomes.
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Genes and Chromosomes Walter Sutton studied meiosis in sperm cells in grasshoppers.
Using his observations and his knowledge of Mendel’s work, Sutton proposed that:
Genes are located on chromosomes.

26. Chapter 5 The Steps of Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
The Steps of Meiosis
During meiosis, chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice.
The resulting sex cells (sperm and eggs) have half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

27. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

28. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

29. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

30. Chapter 5 Sex Chromosomes carry genes that determine sex.
Section 3 Meiosis
Sex Chromosomes carry genes that determine sex.
Human females have two X chromosomes.
Human males have one X and one Y chromosome.

31. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Sex-Linked Disorders The genes for certain disorders, such as colorblindness, are carried on the X chromosome.
Genetic Counseling Genetic counselors use pedigrees to trace traits through generations of a family. These diagrams can often predict if a person is a carrier of a hereditary disease.
Selective Breeding In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated.