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2. Section 1: Mendel and His Peas Section 2: Traits and Inheritance
Chapter 4
Heredity
Section 1: Mendel and His Peas
Section 2: Traits and Inheritance
Section 3: Meiosis
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3. Mendel and His Peas Bellringer Section 1
You have probably noticed that different people have different characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, or whether or not their earl lobes attach directly to their head or hang down loosely. These characteristics are called traits. The traits listed above are physical but animals have behavioral traits as well. Examples include the way cats lick themselves to clean their fur, or the way many birds fly south for the winter. Where do you think people and animals get these different traits? How do you think they are passed from one generation to the next?
Write your answers in your science journal.
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4. Mendel and His Peas Objectives Section 1
Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.
Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.
Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits.
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5. Mendel and His Peas Who Was Gregor Mendel? Section 1
Scientific Monk Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria. When he was 21 years old, Mendel entered a monastery. The monks taught science and performed many scientific experiments.
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6. Unraveling the Mystery
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery
Self-Pollinating Peas From working with plants, Mendel knew that the patterns of inheritance were not always clear. Mendel decided to do research with peas that pollinate themselves.
Characteristics Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time. A characteristic is a feature that has different forms in a population.
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7. Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Mix and Match Mendel was careful to use plants that were true breeding for each of the traits he was studying. By doing so, he would know what to expect if his plants were to self-pollinate.
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8. Mendel’s First Experiment
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s First Experiment
Crossing Pea Plants In his first experiments, Mendel crossed pea plants to study seven different characteristics.
Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Traits Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait was always present in the first generation, and the other trait seemed to disappear.
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9. Mendel’s Second Experiment
Section 1
Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second Experiment
Mendel’s Method Mendel allowed the first-generation plants to self-pollinate.
Ratios in Mendel’s Experiment The recessive trait did not show up as often as the dominant trait. Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits.
Gregor Mendel—Gone But Not Forgotten Mendel realized that his results could be explained only if each plant had two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
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10. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
Bellringer
If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again? What are the chances you will get heads five times in a row? 10 times? 50 times?
Record your answers in your science journal.
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11. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
Objectives
Explain how genes and alleles are related to genotype and phenotype.
Use the information in a Punnett square.
Explain how probability can be used to predict possible genotypes in offspring.
Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations.
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12. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Phenotype An organism’s appearance is known as its phenotype.
Genotype Both inherited alleles together form an organism’s genotype.
Punnett Squares A Punnett square is used to organize all the possible combinations of offspring from particular parents. Punnett squares can be used to verify Mendel’s findings.
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13. Punnett Squares Section 2
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14. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Probability The mathematical chance that something will happen is known as probability.
Calculating Probability To find the probability that you will toss two heads in a row, multiply the probability of tossing the first head (1/2) by the probability of tossing the second head (1/2).
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15. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?, continued
Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2 1/2, which equals 1/4,or 25%.
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16. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Incomplete Dominance Researchers have found that sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another.
One Gene, Many Traits Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait.
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17. Traits and Inheritance
Section 2
Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits, continued
Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together.
The Importance of Environment Your environment influences how you grow.
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18. Meiosis Bellringer Section 3
Write a sentence to describe each of the following terms: heredity, genotype, and phenotype. Note how genotype and phenotype are related, and how they are different. Is heredity necessarily a factor in both genotype and phenotype? Why or why not?
Record your answers in your science journal.
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19. Meiosis Objectives Section 3
Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Describe how chromosomes determine sex.
Explain why sex-linked disorders occur in one sex more often than in the other.
Interpret a pedigree.
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20. Meiosis Asexual Reproduction Section 3
Making More Prokaryotic Cells In asexual reproduction, only one parent cell is needed. The structures inside the cell are copied, and then the parent cell divides, making two exact copies.
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21. Meiosis Sexual Reproduction Section 3
Meiosis Sex cells are made during meiosis. Meiosis is a copying process that produces cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.
Genes and Chromosomes Genes are located on chromosomes.
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22. Meiosis The Steps of Meiosis Section 3
Follow the Steps During meiosis, chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice.
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23. Meiosis Meiosis and Mendel Section 3
Sex Chromosomes Sex chromosomes carry genes that determine sex.
Sex-Linked Disorders The genes for certain disorders, such as colorblindness, are carried on the X chromosome. These disorders are called sex-linked disorders.
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24. Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Section 3
Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Genetic Counselor If people are worried that they might pass a disease to their children, they may consult a genetic counselor.
Selective Breeding In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated.
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25. The Cell in Action Concept Map Chapter 5
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: alleles, parents, heredity, phenotype, genes, offspring, genotype, characteristics, dominant.
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26. Chapter 5
Concept Map
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27. Chapter 5
Concept Map
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