1. Genetics
What makes you, you

2. Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity of organisms.
Genes can be turned on and off and can be seen or “hide” when other genes are present.
Trait or characteristic is passed from parent to offspring

3. Monohybrid – one gene or allele only (hair color) (height)
It is easy to look at one allele at a time, but living things have millions of traits the more traits the more difficult the study.

4. Parent = P1
Offspring = child of P1 generation and is called F1
Purebred means that both traits are the same. (Homozygous)
Hybrid means that an organism receives different traits from the parents (P1) and does not look just like either parent. (Heterozygous) This causes trait variations and is why no two people look the exact same, unless they are identical twins.

5. Gene is a section on a chromosome that codes for just one trait
Gene is a section on a chromosome that codes for just one trait. (hair color)
Allele is one form of a gene (trait from one parent)
Chromosomes – humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes = from mom and 23 from dad.
Chromatid is half of a chromosome.

6. Color of Animals Article
How could a genetically inherited problem cause a species to become extinct? Give an example from your reading as you explain your answer.

7. Cell names/types
Haploid is a cell with half of the number of chromosomes (23) N/n result of meiosis
Diploid is a cell with the complete number of chromosomes (46) 2N/2n result of fertilization

8. When traits are passed down from parents to child they are randomly sorted and then the child’s traits vary some or a lot from the parents.
Dominance is when one trait overshadows another trait.
Dominant allele fully expresses itself over all other alleles of its same type.

9. Recessive traits are over- shadowed by dominant ones, they are never visible unless there is a pair of recessive traits.
Recessive allele do not express themselves at all if a dominant allele is present.

10. Homozygous traits – both alleles for the trait are the same (TT or tt)
Heterozygous traits – both traits are different, one dominant and one recessive (Tt or tT)

11. Phenotype is what the organism looks like
Phenotype is what the organism looks like. If a dominant trait is present that trait will always be the phenotype.
Genotype is what the organism’s real gene make-up is, it is not always what the organisms looks like or is seen by others. Genotypes help to explain family backgrounds and other “odd” traits.

12. Homozygous Tall bean plant crosses with a homozygous tall bean plant
TT X TT
T T
T T
T T T
T T
T T

13. Heterozygous tall and a homozygous short plant are crossed
T t t
t T
t t
t t
t T

14. Sex Chromosome
In all sexual reproducing organisms they have a pair of chromosomes that allow them to be male or female. These chromosomes are passed from mom to the egg (ova) and from the dad to the sperm. When an ova and sperm combine a new fertilized egg is formed called a zygote. When the two gametes get together they form the zygote.

15. Sex Chromosome
XX = female, the chromosomes came from mom and dad
XY = Male, the X chromosome came from mom and the Y chromosome came from dad
XXX, XXY = polyploidy means too many pairs or extra chromosomes. Infertile

16. Shared traits
Another type of trait is co-dominant traits. These are sometimes called blended traits. This type of trait the alleles from the parents are not dominant nor are they recessive, they share dominant or are co- dominant.

17. Names of trait problems
The biological term for one trait is monohybrid. This means we look at only one trait and disregard the others.
The biological term for two traits is dihybrid. In these cases we look at two traits that move together on the same chromatid or next to one another on a chromosome. (hair color and eye color, bean shape and color)

18. Blended traits
Blood type, hair color, and flower color are examples of this type of trait
Blood types are A, B, O, and AB
With blood types the O is recessive and will only be seen phenotypic ally if there are two of them present
A and B are co dominant traits and if both are present they share the phenotype.

19. Typing
Parent (mother) type A Parent (father) type A These are their phenotypes, what are their possible genotypes? What could their children be?

21. Pedigree Chart
These show us the history of a trait or group of traits within a given population/family. Hemophilia and sickle cell anemia are examples.

22. Family tree project
You will need to learn some information about you and your family.
There will several traits that you should “research” and collect data on about your family.
Fill out the individual chart for you and your family and have it ready for Friday’s class.

23. Samples of dominant and recessive traits in humans

24. Chart Tongue rolling RR Rr rr Hair color B bl r Eye color B Bg g b
Ear attachment FF Ff ff
Second toe length LL Ll ll
Hitch hiker thumb HH Hh hh

25. Chart T R A I S You Hair color Eye color Ear attachment
Tongue rolling
Hair color
Eye color
Ear attachment
Second toe length
Hitch hiker thumb T R A I S

26. Chart T R A I S You Mom Dad Sister Brother Hair color Eye color
Tongue rolling
Hair color
Eye color
Ear attachment
Second toe length
Hitch hiker thumb T R A I S

27. Chart R __ R __ R ___ B __ B bl bl bl B g B g B __ B ___ F __ F ___
You Mom Dad Sister Brother
Tongue rolling
R __
R __
R ___
Hair color
B __
B bl
bl bl
Eye color
B g
B g
B __
B ___
Ear attachment
F __
F ___
F ___
f f
Second toe length
l l
l l
L l
Hitch hiker thumb
H _
H h
h h
H __ T R A I S

28. Family Pedigree/Tree
You will combine at least three traits with your “new spouse” and make a punnett square of the possibilities of you F1.
You will be the P1 and cross to find the F1
You will create a color family tree showing the results.

29. Father Mother You Spouse Sister Brother Child 1 Child 2

30. Quiz 1 Monohybrid Crosses and Genetics

31. Cross the following plants
Heterozygous tall bean plant with a homozygous short bean plant. (tall trait is dominant over short)
Show the P1
Show the completed Punnet Square
Show the F1 Genotype
Show the F1 Phenotype

32. Define these terms as they relate to genetics:
Heredity
F1 generation
Phenotype
Law of independent assortment
Monohybrid
If the F1 generation was 2Tt, 1TT, 1tt what would the percent of offspring be that would be tall? (Tall=T)

33. 5. Why is blood typing important and how does it link to genetics
5. Why is blood typing important and how does it link to genetics? Explain….