1. Trade and Pest Management
Overview
Agricultural trade issues
Integrated pest management
International standards with regard to AWPM and SIT
Pest risk analysis –principles, practice and application
Practical exercise

2. Agricultural trade Exports from developing countries rising
Challenges for both developed and developing countries
Pest exclusion / invasive alien species
Sustainable agricultural practices

3. Agricultural trade
Montreal Protocol (elimination of ozone depleting substances)
Quarantine use of methyl bromide excluded, but may be less available
PIC / Rotterdam Convention
Lower maximum residue limits (MRLs) – O MRL
Convention on Biological Diversity
Sustainable practices
Genetically modified organisms

4. IPM and Trade Pesticide residue problems are a major driving factor
“Good agricultural practices”
“Green” production –sustainable practices
Environmental and health concerns
Organic agriculture

5. IPM and Trade Pesticide residues = SPS measure TBT measures
measures related to quality (process and production methods), excluding measures for health protection
“green” production
GAP
Organic?
some labeling practices

6. But… Concerns about the movement of quarantine pests remain
Reduced availability of MeBr may become a problem for many
Limited choice of alternative quarantine treatments

7. Which means….
In order for countries to benefit from trade opportunities, newer and more effective methods of control are needed
Integrated pest management methods
Area wide pest management
Sterile insect techniques

8. IPPC and AWPM Systems to establish and maintain freedom
Establish principle of equivalence
Elaboration of the principle of managed risk
Defining and describing risk analysis
Identifying key elements of surveillance
Identifying situations that enhance success

9. What factors should you consider
in deciding to undertake an
area wide pest management
programme (in the context of trade)?

10. In IPPC terms, we look at:
PEST:
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products
QUARANTINE PEST
A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled

11. ISPMs Guidelines for pest eradication programmes
Guidelines for the establishment of pest free areas
Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests
Guidelines for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites
Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure
Biocontrol agents

12. Irradiation as a phytosanitary measure
Products treated with ionizing radiation, not radioactive….
Levels used are 10X-several 100X lower than required for food safety purposes
Endpoint can be sterility, not mortality
Highly effective for many dipteran, lepidopteran and coleopteran pests
Not widely accepted in international trade

13. Biological control agents
ISPM under revision to update concepts
Originally excluded SIT
Based on definition of “biological control agent”
Revision to include SIT
Elements of risk analysis included in decision making

14. Guidelines for pest eradication programmes
scientific
information
surveillance
technical
cost-benefit
analysis
pathways
damage
PEST
ERADICATION
PROGRAM
FEASIBILITY

15. RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
ISPM No. 6 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
ISPM No. 8 Requirements for
the establishment of pest free
places of production and pest
free production sites
RISK MANAGEMENT
OPTIONS
pest records
surveillance

16. The probability of an adverse
Risk: What is it?
The probability of an adverse
event and the magnitude of the consequences…

17. RISK RISK = Hazard x Probability x Consequences
Risk is EVERYWHERE so we must:
Understand it;
Live with it;
Reduce it;
Manage it.
If your decisions don’t include risk analysis (even informal), are you making informed decisions?

18. Risk analysis What can happen? What are we worried about? (Assessment)
How likely is it to happen? (Assessment)
How bad will it be? (Assessment)
What can we do about it? (Management)
Let’s talk about it. (Communication)

19. So, What is Risk Analysis?
A systematic way of gathering, evaluating, and recording information leading to recommendations for a position or action in response to an identified hazard

20. Risk Analysis Framework
Communication
Management
Risk Assessment

21. Risk Analysis should: Identify hazards Characterize risks
Recognize uncertainty
Summarize conclusions
Recommend options
Document the basis for decisions

22. Risk Assessment Questions
What information is available?
What is the quantity and quality of information?
What is the probability?
What is the magnitude of the consequences (if I do nothing)?
Should something be done?

23. Elements of Risk Assessment
Probability
With pathway
Escapes detection
Survives transit
Favorable location
Overcomes resistance
Able to reproduce and spread
Consequences
Direct economic
Indirect economic
Environmental
Other:
Political
Social
aesthetic

24. Risk Management Questions
What can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazard?
How effective are the options?
How feasible are the options?
What impacts do the options have?
What is the level and type of uncertainty?
What is the best option?

25. Describe the concern which has generated the need.
Initiation
Identify
hazard(s)
Estimate the
likelihood of
occurence
Estimate the magnitude
of the consequences
Develop conclusions
and describe
uncertainty
Describe the concern which has generated the need.
Understand the background and expectations.
Risk Assessment
Mitigation
requires
assessment
Risk
requires
mitigation
Risk Management
Develop recommendations
and describe uncertainty
Evaluate mitigation options for:
-Efficacy
-Feasability
-Impacts
Identify mitigation
options
Decisionmaking
Evaluate recommendations
against current environment
and values to select an option.

26. Important Linkages
Policy makers
Regulators
Researchers
Industry
Private sector
Others?

27. PRA and Trade Justify protection measures Evaluate other’s measures
Determine appropriate national strategies
Area wide pest management
Eradication programmes (or suppression?)

28. Take home message
AWPM and SIT programmes may be affected by and have effects on international trade
Int’l trade governed by internationally agreed terms (e.g. STANDARDS)
Risk analysis is the scientific and technical basis for standards
Risk analysis (including risk management) is an integral part of sound decision-making