1. Introduction to General Chemistry Part 1:
Matter
Ch. 1

2. What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of properties of substances and how they react
Chemical substances are composed of matter
Matter is the physical material of the universe; anything with mass that occupies space is matter
Matter can take numerous forms
Most matter is formed by unique arrangements of elementary substances called elements

4. Elements, Compounds, and Molecules
An element can easily be defined as a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances
Millions of different materials in the world, all comprised of some combination of only 118 elements
Similar to how the alphabet combines 26 letters to yield hundreds of thousands of words, elements bond in unique arrangements to give different molecules
Molecules agglomerate to yield compounds

5. Mixtures
Mixtures are combinations of substances in which the individuals substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated
Can be homogeneous (uniform) or heterogeneous (non-uniform)
Homogeneous mixtures are also referred to as solutions
Most forms of matter we encounter are mixtures
Food and Drink
Air
Medicines
Toothpaste, lotion, etc.

6. Separation of Mixtures
Substances in mixtures can be separated by differences in physical properties.
Distillation: separation based on differences in boiling point
Filtration: separation by differences in size

7. Separation of Mixtures
Centriguation: separation based on differences in density, useful for colloidal suspensions

8. Separation of Mixtures
Chromatography: separation based on differences in interaction between two substances
ex. Chlorophyll and other pigments can be extracted from plant life using a solvent like acetone, and a coated solid (stationary phase). Compounds that interact weakly with the solid move further up, creating bands.

9. Molecules Are Comprised of Uniquely Arranged Atoms
Molecules Are Comprised of Uniquely Arranged Atoms. Different Molecules Have Different Properties. H O H O

10. acetaldehyde (hangover)
Small Molecular Differences Can Yield Vastly Different
in Terms of Biological Interactions
acetaldehyde (hangover)
acetic acid
carbon dioxide
ethanol
BLINDNESS!!!
methanol

11. Small Molecular Differences Can Yield Vastly Different
in Terms of Biological Interactions
Relief of Morning Sickness
Severe Limb Defects

12. Small Molecular Differences Can Yield Vastly Different
in Terms of Biological Interactions
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Technically, glucose and fructose are the same. So is high fructose corn syrup really that bad for you???

13. Small Molecular Differences Can Yield Vastly Different
in Terms of Biological Interactions

14. The Properties of Molecules Differ Vastly from those of the
Atoms That Comprise Them
Na (sodium metal)
Cl2 (chlorine gas)
Na+Cl-

15. Different atomic arrangements can change physical properties
Carbon (graphite vs diamond)

16. Spatial Dimensions of Compounds Can Alter Properties
Gold Nanoparticles
Bulk Gold
5 nm
50 nm

17. Spatial Dimensions of Compounds Can Alter Properties
2 nm
12 nm
CdSe quantum dots

18. Phases of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
Atoms tightly bound
Fixed volume and shape (does not conform to container)
A chemical is denoted as solid by labeling it with (s)
S(s)

19. Phases of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
Atoms less tightly bound than solids
Has a definite volume, but not definite shape (assumes the shape of its container)
Denoted by (L)
H2O (L)

20. Phases of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
Free atoms
No shape, no definite volume
Can be expanded or compressed (like engine piston)
Denoted by (g) ; ex. O2 (g)