1. Evidence for Evolution on Earth
Fossil Record – transitional fossils
Comparative Anatomy – homologous, analogous, vestigial
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Biochemistry
Geographic Distribution

2. Evidence From Fossils Analogous Structures Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures – some bird wings; snakes and whale hips/pelvic girdle

4. Transitional

5. Embryological Evidence

6. Biochemical Differences

7. Continental drift
Earth’s continents have moved during Earth’s history and are still moving today at a rate of about six centimeters per year.
The theory for how the continents move is called plate tectonics. 7

8. 2 Types of Evolution Microevolution Small scale Macroevolution
Large scale
To understand this better, you must know what a species is:
One group of interbreeding organisms found in one place at one time.

9. Microevolution
Small scale evolution occurring over a relatively short period of time = changes within one population
Produces “ecotypes” or ecological races.
Examples: differences in eastern and western bird species color, orcas, etc.
Includes 4 topics
Mutation
Selection
Gene Pool
Genetic Drift

10. Macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time = speciation (making a new species)
Includes 6 topics:
Extinction
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
Divergent evolution
Punctuated equilibrium
Changes in developmental genes 10

11. 3 Patterns of evolution – Divergent,Convergent, and Coevolution.
Darwin believed that organisms evolved gradually. (gradualism)
Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould believed punctuated equilibrium is how organisms evolved, periods of rapid evolution followed by periods of stasis.
BOTH REPRESENT DIVERGENT EVOLUTOIN 11

12. Adaptive Radiation
Single species or small groups of species evolved into diverse forms living in different ways. Can lead to convergent evolution. 12

13. Convergent Evolution
Adaptive radiation can produce unrelated organisms that look similar due to similar environments. 13

14. Coevolution The process by which two species evolve in
Example: “This butterfly acquires a cardiac glycoside from members of the genus Asclepias. Because of their milky sap, these are commonly referred to as milkweed plants. The plants produce this toxin as a defense against herbivory, but the Monarch has the ability to sequester the toxin in fatty tissues so that it makes the butterfly unpalatable while not poisoning the butterfly.”
The process by which
two species evolve in
response to changes in
each other over time.
ecologyf02 14

15. Coevolution continued
Also conceptually considered a biological “arms race” in some instances.

16. Common Misconceptions of Change
Change by Desire
Change by Acquired Traits
Change by Use/Disuse

17. ADAPTATION – structural or behavioral trait that improves fitness for its habitat.
2 Examples:
Camouflage or Cryptic Coloration
Mimicry
Not all traits are adaptations!
exaptations - Features (such as feathers) that evolved by selection for one purpose (such as warmth) and were later adapted to a new purpose (such as flight).

18. NATURAL SELECTION Four Main Steps Variation
Heritability of the variation
Overproduction
Reproductive Advantage due to a Competitive Advantage (Adaptation)
Do changes occur in individuals or populations?
Where does competition for resources fit in?
Can you list 5 plant or animal adaptations?
Contrast with ARTIFICIAL SELECTION (or selective breeding)

19. Natural Selection
Process by which POPULATIONS change in response to their environment as better adapted individuals survive and leave more offspring.
Generally called “survival of the fittest”. It doesn’t say biggest or strongest; it refers to the FITTEST!

20. Correct?

23. This species of moth gets separated into two distinctly different forest due to the activity of humans. Draw what the moths might look like after 10 generations due to the activity of natural selection.

24. ISOLATING MECHANISMS -Preventing / Maintaining New Species
Reproductive Isolation
Prezygotic = before sex/fertilization
Behavioral -
Mechanical -
Geographical –
Temporal -
Postzygotic = after sex/fertilization
Sterility -

25. Which Isolating Mechanism?

26. Which Isolating Mechanism?

27. Which Isolating Mechanism?

28. Which Isolating Mechanism?

29. Which Isolating Mechanism?

30. 4 Main Ways Natural Selection Changes a Population
Stabilizing Selection
Directional Selection
Disruptive Selection
Sexual Selection
Page 434 – Draw the Graph and provide a summary AND a new example of each type of selection.