1. Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata

2. Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera
Vericrustacea
Collembola: Springtails
Protura: Coneheads
Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails
Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails
Zygentoma: Silverfish
Hexapoda
Insecta
Blattodea: Roaches and Termites
Plecoptera: Stoneflies
Notoptera: Gladiators
Embioptera: Webspinners
Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs
Mantodea: Mantids
Orthoptera: Grasshoppers
Dermaptera: Earwigs
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
Paleoptera
Neoptera
Polyneoptera
Diptera: Flies
Mecoptera: Scorpionflies
Siphonaptera: Fleas
Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths
Trichoptera: Caddisflies
Coleoptera: Beetles
Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites
Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects
Megaloptera: Dobsonflies
Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps
Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice
Hemiptera: True Bugs
Thysanoptera: Thrips
Condyloptera
Holometabola

3. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- Most have two pairs of wings, with the hind wings greatly reduced in size in some groups (even absent). The wings are held upright; and the wings have many veins.

4. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- The abdomen has 10 segments and is fairly long, with 2 caudal filaments (the cerci) or 3 (like larvae).

5. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- The forelegs are often long, as well; particularly in the male where they can be as long as the body. In some families, pairs of legs may be vestigial.

6. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus
- larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments

7. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus
- larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments
- larvae usually with three caudal appendages

8. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus
- larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments
- larvae usually with three caudal appendages
- larvae may take 1-2 years to develop, usually longer at higher latitudes

9. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water
- subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline
Subadult has hairs along wing margins

10. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water
- subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline
- mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.

11. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water
- subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline
- mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.
- adults lack mouthparts and do not feed

12. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter

13. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter
- swarms off the great lakes (Erie in particular were HUGE, but lake pollution has reduced their abundances) … bodies piled up to 1.2 m Illinois (1953)
swarms

14. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- eggs laid on surface of water

15. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains

16. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains
- sensitive to pollutants (soft bodies?) – many are indicator taxa of clean water
(EPT score = abundance and diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera)

17. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families

18. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families
1. Baetidae (135 species):
adults small (front wings 2-12 mm and elongate-oval)
hind wings very small or absent, and the only family with small hind wings and only 2 caudal filaments.
Eyes turbinate

19. Baetidae

20. Key to mayfly larvae of WV

21. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families
1. Baetidae:
2. Ephemerellidae (90)
Very important for anglers! Hatch on surface of the water, so lots of ‘flies’ mimic members of this family, including Olives and Drakes.
No gills on first two segments

22. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families
1. Baetidae:
2. Ephemerellidae (90)
3. Heptageniidae (127):
sprawling nymphs; flattened
adults with 2 caudal filaments

23. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families
1. Baetidae:
2. Ephemerellidae
3. Heptageniidae
4. Leptophlebiidae (66):
3 caudal filaments
Wing (4-14mm) have strongly bent Cu-P vein and no free veinlets
Forked gills on larval abdomen

26. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Major Families
1. Baetidae:
2. Ephemerellidae
3. Heptageniidae
4. Leptophlebiidae
5. Ephemeridae (13)
medium to large (wings 10-25mm); larvae tusked

28. Hexagenia limbata
2006 hatch on radar
The giant mayfly – 1.1 inches
Most common mayfly in NA

29. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
All are fairly large and have 4 wings; in damselflies the wings are held over the back at rest, in dragonflies to the side.

30. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Small antennae, large eyes

31. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Prothorax small; thoracic segments tipped forward for grasping prey in flight

34. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Abdomen long; male cerci short and modified to grasp females behind pronotum.

35. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum

37. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum
- External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons)

38. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum
- External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons)
- may live as larvae for 1 year, 2 years, or 10 years depending on species and latitude.

39. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin
video

40. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin
- “teneral” until wings harden

41. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
Males have two sets of sex organs – one at end make sperm, that is transferred to the penis at front of abdomen

42. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
males grasp females behind prothorax – “in tandem”

43. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
female reaches up and under, contacting her genitalia with penis of male – “in wheel”

44. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
female stores sperm in ‘spermatheca’ – last sperm in is used, so selection has favored mate guarding by males, who guard females until she lays her eggs; sometimes staying in tandem.

46. Paleoptera
Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
B. Basic Biology
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae (8):
Larvae with long antennae and long legs;
Adults are largest damsels, and most have darkening in wing

48. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae
2. Lestidae (18): Spreadwings
- Larvae with very narrow labium
- adults with hanging wings

49. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae
2. Lestidae
3. Coenagrionidae (93): Pond Damsels
All the Rest!

50. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae (38): Darners
Large; eyes meet along dorsal seam; triangles same

52. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae
2. Cordulegastridae (8): Biddies
- Eyes meet at one point; triangles same

53. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae
2. Cordulegastridae
3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails
- Eyes separate; triangles same

54. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae
2. Cordulegastridae
3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails
4. Libellulidae (93): Skimmers
Triangles different; : toe in hind wing anal loop

56. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae
2. Cordulegastridae
3. Gomphidae
4. Libellulidae
5. Corduliidae (50): Emeralds
Triangles differ; leg but no toe

57. C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae
2. Cordulegastridae
3. Gomphidae
4. Libellulidae
5. Corduliidae
6. Macromiidae (10): Cruisers
Triangles differ; anal loop rounded – no leg