1. BIO 255: Insect Diversity

2. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context

3. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine)

4. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores

5. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators

6. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores

7. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators

8. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

9. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites “Little things that run the world”

10. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny

11. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniella praecursor – 400mya Devonian

12. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniognatha hirsti also from Rhynie Chert – 400 mya

13. II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation

14. Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2m II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation

15. - radiation of insects - evolution of flight Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever wingspan of 70 cm

16. II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300-250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

17. II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of flowering plants in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic – 144-65 mya) led to radiation of pollinating groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera)

19. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

20. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) - minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reduced Detritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

22. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and a thoracic knob. May be abundant. Detritivores.

23. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans) - small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores.

24. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) - Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments.

25. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

26. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish) - Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

27. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

28. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

29. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 2. Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

30. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

31. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) (Blattaria and Mantodea)

32. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)

33. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)

34. III. Insect Classification B. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids) 3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)

35. III. Insect Classification B. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids) 3. Order Mantodea (Mantids) 4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)

36. III. Insect Classification B. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids) 3. Order Mantodea (Mantids) 4. Order Blattaria (Roaches) 5. Order Isoptera (Termites)

37. III. Insect Classification B. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids) 3. Order Mantodea (Mantids) 4. Order Blattaria (Roaches) 5. Order Isoptera (Termites) 6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)

38. III. Insect Classification B. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) 1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks) 2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids) 3. Order Mantodea (Mantids) 4. Order Blattaria (Roaches) 5. Order Isoptera (Termites) 6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs) 7. Order Plectoptera (Stoneflies)

39. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

40. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing) (Blattaria and Mantodea)

41. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

42. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida - Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe in wing) 1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)

43. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida - Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe in wing) 1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids) 2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)

44. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida - Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe in wing) 1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids) 2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice) 3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice)

45. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroida - Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe in wing) 1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids) 2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice) 3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice) 4. Order Thysanoptera (Thrips)

46. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

47. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

48. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroidea - Hemipteroidea - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida 1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin) 2. Order Coleoptera (Beetles)

49. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroidea - Hemipteroidea - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida 1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin)

50. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

51. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroidea - Hemipteroidea - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida 1. Order Hymenoptera (Sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants)

52. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

53. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida

54. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroidea - Hemipteroidea - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida 1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)

55. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Orthopteroidea - Hemipteroidea - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida 1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

56. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida 1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)

57. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida 1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas) 4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)

58. -Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae) - Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida 1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas) 4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) 5. Order Diptera (Flies)

59. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)

60. IV. Insect Anatomy

62. Insect head site

63. IV. Insect Anatomy

65. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) - minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reduced Detritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

66. ORDER: PROTURA - anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt; most families have 5 molts, one has 6

67. ORDER: PROTURA - anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea

68. ORDER: PROTURA - anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea - first species discovered in 1907 - 500 species in nine families worldwide - 20 species in 3 families in NA Early woodcut by Berlese (1907)

69. ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Tracheate Abdominal appendages 2-segmented

70. ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Acerentomidae (9 species) Lack trachea and spiracles

71. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

72. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

73. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola.

74. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body.

75. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others.

76. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings.

77. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans) - small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores. - ~800 species in 5 families

78. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans) Campodeidae -- approximately 34 North American species, all of which have long cerci (10-segments). Japygidae -- 28 North American species, all of which have short (unsegmented) cerci in the form of pincers (forceps).

79. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

80. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) - Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments. Family Machilidae

81. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish) - Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

82. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Firebrat – Thermobia domestica Live in hot areas, near furnaces and such Firebrats have been known to live more than 6 years -- through 60 instars. It has been suggested that frequent molting is an adaptation that reduced the risk of infection by parasitic fungi.

83. III. Insect Classification A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects 1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Silverfish – Lepisma saccharina

84. III. Insect Classification Ectognatha Entognatha Pterygota Neoptera Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis) Poly- phyletic

85. Pinning and Labeling Insects

88. 384600 E 3893800 N (UTM) USA, South Carolina, Greenville Co. East slope Hogback Mtn. FF# 423 3 August 2011 A. Schulz