1. Nursing History, Education, and Organizations
Chapter 3
Nursing History, Education, and Organizations
Ch 3 Nursing History, Education, and Organizations

2. Nursing Evolution of Nursing Art and science Founded on knowledge
Supported by evidence
Focuses on response to illness
Evolution of Nursing
Evolved with civilization
Performed at home by females
Hospitals established by religious orders
First nursing school established in 1836 in Germany
Art and science of promoting, restoring, and maintaining health of clients
Founded on knowledge base supported by evidence-based theory
Focuses on client’s response to illness Rather than on illness (Assists clients to higher level of wellness)
Nursing has developed from an unstructured method of caring for the ill, based primarily on primitive beliefs, to a profession based on scientific knowledge. By combining critical thinking skills and caring behaviors, nurses apply scientific knowledge in a humane manner. Today, nurses focus on responding to clients’ illnesses and helping clients move to a higher level of wellness; nurses are also responsible for providing assistance to clients who are terminally ill. Nurses assist people to learn to care for themselves whenever possible and provide direct care to people who are unable to meet their own needs.
Evolution of Nursing
Evolved with civilization
Performed at home by females
Hospitals established by religious orders
First nursing school established in 1836 in Germany

3. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Founder of modern nursing
Forged future of nursing education
Nightingale’s Beliefs
Unique beliefs about nursing and nursing education
Holistic framework
Theoretical basis (Nursing knowledge)
Liberal education
Florence Nightingale :Founder of modern nursing Worked to develop public awareness of need for educated nurses Forged future of nursing education as result of her experiences in educating nurses to care for British soldiers
Need environment that promotes healing
Nursing knowledge separate from medical knowledge

4. Nightingale’s Concepts
Still used today:
Systematic method of assessing clients
Individualized care based on clients’ needs
Confidentiality
Environment that promotes healing
Nightingale’s major accomplishments include demonstrating the value of nursing care in reducing morbidity and mortality rates during the Crimean War; advocating the principles of cleanliness, good nutrition, and fresh air as important to health and healing; developing public awareness of the need for educated nurses; establishing the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London; and recognizing that there is a body of nursing knowledge distinct from medical knowledge. Among Nightingale’s major contributions to nursing as it is practiced today are using a systematic method of client assessment; individualizing care on the basis of client needs and preferences; advocating confidentiality in client care; seeing nurses as client advocates; using a holistic framework for nursing and nursing education; identifying the necessity of a liberal education as the foundation of nursing practice; and pointing out the importance of the environment to the healing process.

5. The Civil War and Nursing
Need for nurses women volunteered
Nursing Pioneers
Dorothea Dix: Civil War. Reforming treatment of mentally ill
Clara Barton: Organized American Red Cross 1881
Blanche E. Oberle: World War I Red Cross army nurse
Civil War: Need for nurses increased dramatically
Many religious orders and other women volunteered to care for injured soldiers
Women willing to take risks when human rights threatened
Nursing Pioneers
Dorothea Dix: Civil War. Reforming treatment of mentally ill
Clara Barton: Organized American Red Cross 1881
Blanche E. Oberle: World War I Red Cross army nurse

6. Nursing Pioneers
Saint Camillus: Red cross symbol and first ambulance service
Linda Richards: First diploma from American school for nurses in 1873
Mary Mahoney: America’s first African-American professional nurse
Adelaide Nutting: First nurse university professor
Lavinia Dock: Wrote one of the first nursing textbooks. First editor of American Journal of Nursing
Saint Camillus: Red cross symbol and first ambulance service
Linda Richards: First graduate of an American diploma school of nursing; established many hospital-based training schools for nurses; introduced nurses’ notes as part of the client’s medical record; began practice of nurses wearing uniforms.
Mary Mahoney: First African American professional nurse; encouraged respect for cultural diversity.
Adelaide Nutting: First nurse to be appointed to a university professorship; advocated nursing education in university settings; was a distinguished nursing historian, educator, and scholar.
Lavinia Dock: Influential nursing educator who wrote one of the first nursing textbooks and many other books; served as first editor of the American Journal of Nursing..
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7. Nursing Pioneers
Isabel Hampton Robb:Worked to establish professional organizations
Lillian Wald: Founder of public health nursing
Mary Breckinridge: Brought health care to rural America
Mamie Hale: Upgraded educational programs for midwives. Improved mortality rates for both infants and mothers
Isabel Hampton Robb: Founder of several nursing organizations, recognizing the importance of having a unit of positions and issues affecting nurses and nursing; early supporter of the rights of nursing students.
Lillian Wald: First community health nurse; founded the Henry Street Settlement Service in New York City and devoted her life to providing nursing care to the indigent population; supported education for the mentally challenged and improved housing conditions in tenements; advocated the passage of more lenient immigration regulations; initiated change of child labor laws; founded the Children’s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor.
Mary Breckenridge: Introduced the Frontier Nursing Service, a primary nursing care service for people living in rural Kentucky; established the effectiveness of maternity nursing care in lowering the childbirth mortality rate to below the national average.
Mamie Hale: Upgraded educational programs preparing nurse midwives in Arkansas, resulting in reduced mortality rates for both mothers and infants
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8. Practical Nursing Schools
Practical nurses: had no formal education
Formal education began in 1890s
Practical Nursing Schools
Ballard School opened in 1892
Thompson Practical Nursing School opened in 1907
Still operating today
Accredited by National League for Nursing (NLN)
Practical nurses: had no formal education. Formal education began in 1890s
Household Nursing School opened in 1918 to train nurses in home health care
Practical Nursing Schools
Ballard School opened in 1892
Thompson Practical Nursing School opened in 1907
Still operating today
Accredited by National League for Nursing (NLN)

9. Nursing in the 20th Century
First three-year diploma school of nursing established in 1906
Landmark Reports in Nursing Education
Goldmark Report in 1923
Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education Report
Other Health Care Initiatives
Nursing Edu. in the 20th Century First three-year diploma school of nursing established in 1906
University of Minnesota under College of Medicine
Landmark Reports in Nursing Education Goldmark Report in 1923 Concluded that nursing education should take place in university setting for nursing to have equal footing with other disciplines
Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education Report
Established practical nursing under Title III of Health Amendment Act of 1955
Health Care Initiatives
1960s
Medicare and Medicaid created
1964
Nurse Training Act provided federal funding for nursing education
1973
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offered as alternative to private health insurance
1977
NPs allowed to be paid directly for services

10. Nursing Education: LPNs
Work under supervision of registered nurse or other licensed provider
Usually attend one-year program
Admission to program
Must be licensed to practice
Work in structured settings
May advance skills
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses, Inc. (NFLPN) has written standards of nursing practice
Nursing Education: LPN: Work under supervision of registered nurse or other licensed provider
Usually attend one-year program
Admission to program
Must be licensed to practice
Work in structured settings
May advance skills
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses, Inc. (NFLPN) has written standards of nursing practice
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11. Nursing Education: RNs
Graduates of one of three types of programs:
Hospital diploma
Three years
Hospital-based
Associate degree
Two years
Offered in community colleges:
Baccalaureate degree
Four years
University or college setting
Nursing Education RN: Graduates of one of three types of programs:
Hospital diploma Three years Hospital-based
Associate degree Two years Offered in community colleges
Baccalaureate degree Four years University or college setting
Registered nurses (RNs) are educated for practice in diploma, associate degree, or baccalaureate nursing programs that range from two to four years in length. The RN is prepared to provide direct care to clients in all types of health care settings, from hospitals to community agencies, and is also prepared to serve as a manager, researcher, and teacher. The RN is generally able to function autonomously and collaboratively in more unstructured care settings.
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12. Nurses’ responsibility
Continuing Education
Nurses’ responsibility
Some states require continuing education units (CEUs) for license renewal
Lifelong learning essential to career development and competency achievement in nursing practice
Staff Development
Used to maintain needed knowledge and skills for continuing practice
Delivery of instruction to assist nurses in achieving employer’s goals
Includes orientation of new employees and in-service education
Continuing Education
Nurses’ responsibility
Some states require continuing education units (CEUs) for license renewal
Lifelong learning essential to career development and competency achievement in nursing practice
Staff Development
Used to maintain needed knowledge and skills for continuing practice
Delivery of instruction to assist nurses in achieving employer’s goals
Includes orientation of new employees and in-service education

13. Trends in Nursing Education
Competency development
Focuses on demonstration of basic competency performed by all entry-level graduates regardless of education
Delivery of care
Demand for nursing care will continue to be driven by aging population
Trends in Nursing Education/Influences
Competency development
Focuses on demonstration of basic competency performed by all entry-level graduates regardless of education
Delivery of care
Demand for nursing care will continue to be driven by aging population

14. Nursing Organizations
NLN
National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service, Inc. (NAPNES)
NFLPN
American Nurses Association (ANA)
National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)
ANA
National League for Nursing (NLN): Identifies society’s nursing needs and fosters programs to meet these needs; provides accreditation to nursing schools preparing both RNs and LPNs; has the Council of Practical Nursing as one of its standing components.National Association of Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES): Established the first standard curriculum for practical nursing; focuses on improving the quality, education, and recognition of nursing schools and LP/VNs and on issues of concern to practical nurse educators. National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN): The official organization for licensed practical/vocational nurses; interprets the role and function of LP/VNs and keeps them informed about nursing issues and trends in health care. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN): The organization through which state boards of nursing act collectively; develops and administers licensure examinations for practical nurses (NCLEX-PN) and registered nurses (NCLEX-RN).

15. Nurse Practice Act ANA Code of Ethics

16. Video History of Nursing