1. Publishing within the Institutional Repository (IR)
Tim Tamminga, The Berkeley Electronic Press
ALA Midwinter
Who we are: We service and host the institutional repositories of over 100 institutions. We work closely to develop and execute repository strategies for each one. As such, we have learned a lot about what makes a repository work and what doesn’t. Bepress is also a publisher of scholarly journals. We have a lot of experience in publishing, editorial management, and working with institutions on the design and implementation of scholarly journals.

2. Scholarly publishing today
Changing role of Libraries
Convergence of Institutional repositories (IRs and Publishing)
IRs as archives alone tend to fail
Strategies for Publishing as a Service
Examples of Publishing within the IR

3. Issues with scholarly publishing

4. Historical perspective
Scholarly publishing was largely based on the principle of gifts: authors give their treatises to others in exchange for access to theirs.
In the 1960s, commercial publishers began to produce scholarly journals and charge prices that produced a profit for them. This profit motive now drives many scholarly societies as well
David Shulenburger, Vice President for Academic Affairs, National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC), in the closing keynote, SPARC Digital Repositories meeting, November 2008

5. Publishing today
“Vice Chancellors for Research and Deans are witnessing the gradual diminution of publishing options and opportunities for UC faculty, particularly in the arts and humanities.”
“Junior faculty are beginning to struggle to get the book contracts they need for tenure and promotion; faculty working in innovative fields or non-traditional projects are constrained by a publishing model that cannot serve their needs; and campus resources are increasingly compromised by the commercial publishing culture”
University of California taskforce on University Publishing. 2008
by Catherine Candee & Lynne Withey

6. Small scholarly publishers are struggling
Many small publishers struggle with declining subscription bases, particularly domestically and even research libraries report regular journal cancellations projects. Most of the journals that are lagging in the development of electronic formats are from publishers who print one or a handful of titles
Research Library Publishing Services: New Options
for University Publishing. Karla Hahn, March Published by ARL

7. Small societies are struggling
Most small societies have a journal or newsletter. The societies cannot sustain these publications in print form. They also are losing members, especially younger members.
They don’t know how to transition from print to electronic
Publications tend to lack the credentials of more mainstream journals
Additional services are needed to retain members and keep them involved

8. Libraries are struggling economically
January 19, from the International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC) to the world:
“The ICOLC library consortia consider the current [economic] crisis of such significance that we cannot simply assume that libraries and publishers share a common perspective about the magnitude of the crisis and the best approaches to cope with it.”
ICOLC issued a call to publishers to
not raise subscription prices
Suspend software or platform projects because libraries can afford to pay for new features
Be flexible in pricing models and subscription periods. Libraries may end up having to modify their subscriptions several times a year
Be flexible in the title bundles. Libraries may have to drop journal titles as their budgets change during the year.

9. Role of the Library in Changing publishing paradigms

10. Role of the Library and the University in Publishing
“UC faculty would like to see the university play a more active role in blunting the effect of the commercialization of academic publishing, but they will not and cannot risk their own academic lives to make it happen. The university must step in.”
University of California taskforce on University Publishing. 2008
by Catherine Candee & Lynne Withey

11. Library publishing services are happening now
65% of ARL libraries are delivering or planning to provide publishing services
Of these, 88% were publishing journals
79% were publishing conference papers & proceedings
71% were publishing monographs
Research Library Publishing Services: New Options
for University Publishing. Karla Hahn, March Published by ARL

12. Publishing Services not isolated
“Publishing services are not usually treated as an isolated operating unit, the way a university press might be. They are typically embedded in an emerging program of related services – digital repository development…”
Research Library Publishing Services: New Options
for University Publishing. Karla Hahn, March Published by ARL

13. Convergence of Publishing and Institutional Repositories (IRs)

14. The IR as a repository alone has limited value for the university
Faculty don’t care and don’t contribute
Provosts and Deans don’t bless or fund because the IR doesn’t seem relevant to their strategic mission
The assumption that faculty want an IR has proved erroneous. With failure, most librarians give up on faculty. The IR becomes a “library thing,” a place for library collections.

15. Where I started: Self-Archiving, or ...
The University of Nebraska story – Paul Royster
Where I started: Self-Archiving, or ...
From Paul Royster at Univ of Nebraska:
The “build it and they will come” model. Also known as “self archiving.”
First, we thought “repository.” So we built it, but they didn’t come.
- This model assumes faculty want to duplicate their publications and preserve them. Faculty couldn’t really care less about either principle.
“The articles will add themselves.”
How to Fill Your Institutional Repository: Or, Practical Lessons I Learned by Doing. By Paul Royster.

16. Self-Archiving: The Ideal View (fishing metaphor)
From Paul Royster, University of Nebraska

17. Plan A: “Fish Jump into Boat”
I started out armed with a slick PowerPoint presentation showing 1) the advantages of having your articles online in an open-access repository, and 2) how easy it was to do.
I went to dozens of department meetings and gave my spiel seeking to recruit participants who would upload their own articles.
Response rate: <10%
Maybe I need a new metaphor?

18. “If you build it, they will come.” W. P. Kinsella, Field of Dreams
A baseball fantasy ....

19. Baseball reality ....
Yogi Berra (looking at the empty seats in Cleveland’s Municipal Stadium):
Faculty think they don’t need the library or the repository.
They increasingly use Google and other general search engines
You mean those journals don’t just magically subscribe themselves?
Engage with disciplinary repositories, at best
Tenure and review process is primary concern
To faculty, the preservation repository is a duplicative practice. It offers no original value propositions.
Consequences for the IR:
Library gives up on faculty
IR becomes a “library thing,” a place for library collections.
Neither the repository nor the library has campus-wide value.
“If people wanna stay away, nobody can make ‘em.”

20. “IR deposit is not an end in itself… It should be a byproduct of the services you provide to your institutions. You provide services, you solve problems, and as a byproduct of that you get content in your repository.”
IR initiatives are “ambitiously striving to make advancements in both [collection and service] areas, by offering alternatives to publisher-controlled access to scholarship, enhancing dissemination of grey literature and management of data sets, and building tools and services to promote growth and exploitation of content.”
Catherine Mitchell, CDL. from Mellon Report on IR CIC success, Palmer et al.
What’s utterly important behind both statements is the notion that the IR is a service. And that service is focused on the exploitation and utility of that content. The repository is not an end in itself. David Sollenberger quotes Stewart Brand, “…the right information in the right place just changes your life.”

21. One of those services can and should be Publishing
“This suggests a role for the IRs beyond that of archival storage and accessibility enhancement: in fact, they are well-suited to become online publishers giving voice to a wide range of authors normally excluded, put off, or ill-served by the vagaries, idiosyncrasies, delays, obligations, and hoops-jumping of the conventional publication routes.”
Paul Royster, "Publishing Original Content in an Institutional Repository" Serials Review (2007).
“Those points of convergence of disciplines are often places where there is no publishing infrastructure in place, and is a place where we can really offer an infrastructure that will make a difference.” Catherine Mitchell
The editors of a journal, with the support of the library and the institution, have the total freedom to explore the realm of knowledge without any restrictions imposed by the publisher. 22

22. Strategies for publishing as part of the Library’s portfolio of IR services

23. Developing the Service Model
Positioned not as a technology but a set of services
Profile creation, digitization, copyright clearance, description & upload on behalf of the faculty
Out with jargon & in with benefits
Assertive & persistent outreach methods
Use of several different methods to contact faculty
Institutional Repository Colloquium
Building an Institutional Repository For Your Campus Colloquium, by Marisa Ramirez. San Luis Obispo, CA, October 10, 2008.
October 10, 2008 24

24. Early Wins Thought leaders (administration)
Opinion leaders (key faculty)
Unexpected champions (campus entities)
Institutional Repository Colloquium
October 10, 2008 25

25. October 10, 2008
Original photograph by Jesse Millan 26

26. Examples of publishing services

27. Size of institution is no barrier

28. The journals being published through Macalester College’s Digital Commons. There are more journals being developed. Macalester has 1900 students.

29. Collaborative projects between the university and external partners

30. Regional and collaborative publishing
This journal is published as a partnership with the CA Agriculture, Natural and Human Resources Dept and the University.

31. A collaboration between the UC Davis John Muir Institute of the Environment, the State of California The Resources Agency and the US Federal Dept of the Interior.
A collaboration between the UC Davis John Muir Institute of the Environment, the State of California The Resources Agency and the US Federal Dept of the Interior.

32. Preservation of discontinued publications

33. Contributions in Black Studies: A Journal of African and Afro-American Studies (CIBS) was launched in CIBS was a Five College collaboration of Africana Studies scholars at UMass Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, Amherst, and Smith Colleges. that lasted over two decades. The journal ceased publication in the 1999.

34. Issue page

35. Collaborations with the university press

36. Open access journals: University Presses looking for low-cost options and collaborations with the Library.

37. Reviews and outreach to external communities that need to share in the University’s expertise
This journal of book reviews is aimed at K-12 teachers and librarians.
EDITORS Janet Alsup, Associate Professor, English Education, Purdue University Alsup's website Christine E. King, Associate Professor, Library Science, Iowa State University Jill P. May, Professor, Literacy and Language, Purdue University May's website ADVISORY BOARD Anto Thomas Chakramakkil, Author, India Christopher Cheng, Author, Australia Darwin Henderson, Associate Professor, Teacher Education, University of Cincinnati John Moore, Associate Professor, Education, College of William and Mary Eve Tal, Author, Israel

38. UMass Amherst Library is expanding its role as a partner with the University Press. Especially for open access content, content outside copyright restrictions, collections

39. Editors and small societies looking for a home for their journals and publications

40. The Electronic Green Journal (EGJ) is one of the first peer-reviewed environmental on-line journals promoting an open access publishing model. Since its inception in July of 1994, the EGJ has allowed all Internet users unrestricted access to original articles, book reviews, and information on international environmental topics.
This journal was transferred from the University of Idaho where it was published on an OJS platform.
An other example: The University of Iowa Library provides a home to a small society - The Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship (SMFS), which is dedicated to the study of the Patristic Age, the Middle Ages, and the Early Modern era from the perspective of gender studies, women’s studies, and feminist studies. It actively promotes and supports interdisciplinary exchanges at all levels of higher education across the world. Members represent every continent and every academic discipline within the arts and humanities.
So the editor of the Society’s journal and all publications is Chris Africa at the Univ of Iowa’s Library. The Society has been losing members. Younger non-tenured faculty are reluctant to submit articles to the journal because it’s not peer-reviewed. As a print document, and because members are scattered throughout the world, it’s been too difficult for them to manage a formal editorial process. But these faculty are struggling to achieve tenure and promotion. Their scholarship is being aimed at more well-established and more widely read publications that help their credentials.
DC would provide SMFS with a number of capabilities:
A repository for storing and sharing back issues
A publishing and editorial management system for publishing an e-journal. It would enable them to provide peer-review capabilities
A community section for the society to store content of interest to their members as well as attract new members
An events capability to their own workshops and conferences, submissions of papers and finally publication of conference submissions into a proceedings section
Ultimately, this provides them with a central area for research and collaboration for their members and like-minded researchers

41. Scholarly niche or specialty journals

42. Originally started in 1971 as a print journal
Originally started in 1971 as a print journal. The Library persuaded the editors to switch to electronic format in 2003.
This is a subscription-based journal

43. Publishing within DC allows additional content, providing a rich context for the journal

44. University centers or institutes who need a forum to share their research

45. UMass Amherst’s Center for Etruscan Studies
Marilyn Billings, Scholarly Communications Librarian at UMass Amherst, was approached by the head of the Center for Etruscan Studies who was looking for a solution for disseminating their catalog of Etruscan fonts to the world. Her solution was to provide them in digital form through Digital Commons. As the collaboration progressed, the Center began a journal as well as began a repository of Etruscan related content. Prior to this solution, any materials on Etruscan studies had to be published in more general studies journals – it’s too esoteric a subject for commercial publishers.

46. DC supports creation of valuable collections as part of the publishing service
Showing a “community page” for the Center for Etruscan Studies and all its resources. These are gathered in one location for browsing by its researchers, students and anyone else who might be interested in these resources. Each collection supplements and enriches the other resources.

47. New sources of original content – student journals

48. Journals for or about students. Student-run journals
Journals page at Illinois Wesleyan University

49. Res Publica is a nice example of a journal celebrating the scholarship of undergraduate students. Faculty selected those papers that make the most contribution to Political Science
Lots of back content loaded for Res Publica. A way to fill the repository with lots of content quickly. Editors change with every issue as do the photos (we support both)
The application of peer-review for student content runs the gambit. From faculty review of student thesis by department (Macalester) to student review of student research (UPenn), to graduate student review of faculty research (UMass Amherst), to external review of dissertations (possibly McMaster Univ).
There is value in each and everyone of these models. Teach students about the reality of academic research (and publishing) from the inside. Reward the best undergraduate student research. Create a showcase to recruit the best high school students.
Student-run journals Editing and publishing in a peer-reviewed journal can be a very valuable activity for students. Macalester College, for example, sponsors several student-run refereed journals through its Digital Commons repository, that reflect the vibrant and ambitious caliber of its undergraduate program: Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity and Classics, Macalester Islam Journal, and Macalester Journal of Philosophy. These journals support an institution’s educational mission, and are better suited to be financed by the university than by the authors or by a commercial press.
. “Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity and Classics,”
Illinois Wesleyan University's Department of Political Science and our Pi Sigma Alpha Chapter are pleased to publish Res Publica, a journal of original undergraduate research. Our editorial board selects from among the submitted papers which appear to make the most substantive contributions to the discipline.
This publication reflects our department's increasing emphasis upon developing each student's analytical and research skills. We have made great strides toward these ends in recent years by restructuring our curriculum, in particular the Research Methods and Senior Seminar courses. As part of the requirements in the former course, for example, students are involved in all phases of a survey research project analyzing public opinion and attitudes. This includes survey development, design, sample selection, implementation (students do all the calling), data presentation, and data analysis.

50. ETDs

51. The ability to store and disseminate original research by Masters & PhD students is powerful, both for the student and the university

52. “Cal Poly's President Baker sees the repository as a place to show off Cal Poly students' senior portfolios. He got excited when he understood that he could point prospects and their parents to the portfolios as examples of what their student can accomplish at Cal Poly.” Paraphrased from a speech by Michael Miller, Dean of Library Services, Cal Poly, Closing Remarks, Putting Knowledge to Work: Building an Institutional Repository for Your Campus, October 10th, 2008.
And the IR can be used to publish other student content, as well. In Cal Poly’s case, they intend to publish student portfolios – the final work that undergraduates do as the culmination of 4 years of study.

53. Conferences, proceedings & workshops
Events
Handling submissions
Peer review for selection of papers
Proceedings and presentations – managing and displaying

54. An annual conference at UMass that is expanding to a journal and supporting materials – like a downloadable poster
What is important about this example is that the Library has embedded itself into the conference process – not simply as a repository of materials after the event is over. The Library’s IR is used to support registration, the submission process for scholars seeking to present at the conference, events management, collaborative materials like a journal or archived materials, and, possibly, advertising.

55. A one-time conference. The library hosted a Colloquium on IRs on Oct 2008.
The presentations by Marisa Ramirez and Brian Kennelly are particularly interesting.
This was a one-time event. DC was used by the library to invite attendees and describe the event. Once completed, the presentations were gathered into a collection.

56. Non-journal publications e.g., dictionaries

57. Dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference works
Tell story of Paul’s Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology. Paul visited with a faculty member, Scott Gardner, to describe DC. As Paul was finishing up, he noticed a manuscript on Scott’s shelf and asked about it.. Scott described it as a dictionary of invertebrate zoolog. It had been accepted by the University Press, but the Press decided not to publish because it didn’t believe that it could recover the costs. So it had been languishing for the past several years.
Paul suggested that he take it, digitize it and load it into DC. And so he did. For the past 2 years, this dictionary has been the top downloaded document in the Nebraska IR. So much so, with so many requests for a print version that the Library has linked it to LuLu for print on demand capabilities.
Compiled over a 15-year period by the lab director
Submitted, accepted, peer reviewed
Scheduled for publication by a university press
Suddenly cancelled, no other “takers”
Once published in IR
IR manager asked to be given a shot at publishing it
Downloaded nearly 1,200 times in the first month online
Continues at nearly 1000 downloads per month
To date: nearly 50,000 downloads!!!

58. Could even provide alternative revenue streams

59. Why?
Greater access to Boise State University research for students, researchers, Idaho citizens and the general public.
More people reading and using research, more citations, higher prestige, more public value, greater leverage of funding. 62

60. As of Jan 22, 2009, SPARC has established a resource center for library publishing
There is a growing corpus of research material, best practices, resources, and examples that can help you plan, promote and deliver a solution for your institution

61. The Library has the structure in place:
You have the people. Your subject librarians talk to your faculty. They know where the research is happening.
You have the expertise. The library is an expert in the management, preservation and dissemination of scholarly communications.
You have the technology. The repository is the technology that can preserve, publish, and publicize.
Why should the library care?
As a publisher and service-provider, the library has the chance to establish itself as the “hub” of campus wide scholarly communications.

62. Basic principles of having a successful publishing service
Establish a business case aligned with the university mission and mandates
Ensure that Provosts and Deans are partners and stakeholders
Align customer-facing librarians with the project
Research, plan, market, publicize and sell on an ongoing basis
So how do libraries go about making the IR a success and adding publishing as a service?
Make sure that there is a solid strategic plan based on a solid business case.
The most critical step is to solicit and ensure acceptance and ongoing participation by university administration – Provosts and Deans.
The fact that the publishing services (journals, peer-reviewed series, ETDs, monographs, etc.) are part of the IR gives that publication the stamp of approval, of authority, because the Deans and Provosts are stakeholders.