1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
The Importance of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Native Americans

2. In biology, form = function
Things are “shaped” for what they do.
The molecule DNA is beautifully designed to carry out its functions (jobs) perfectly.
This is a picture of a portion of a molecule of DNA!
THE DOUBLE HELIX

3. DNA has two jobs (functions)
DNA is the BLUEPRINT/CODE for the organism’s proteins
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
We are protein machines
If it isn’t made out of protein (muscle, pigments, etc)
….it’s made by proteins (enzymes, cell receptors)
2. DNA is the GENETIC MATERIAL
DNA is copied into every new cell (mitosis)
DNA is passed-on to off-spring (meiosis/fertilization)
Red words only

4. The Molecule DNA consists of:
A double-stranded backbone made of ribose sugar and phosphate molecules.
The 2 upright parts of the ladder
4 Bases (nitrogenous bases)
The rungs of the ladder

6. 4 Nitrogenous Bases in DNA C = Cytosine G = Guanine A = Adenine
T = Thymine
Rules for DNA Base Pairing
C pairs with G
T pairs with A
Dotted lines = Hydrogen bonds
deoxyribose sugar

7. Complementary Base Pairing Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine Adenine
T is the complement to A
Adenine
Thymine
C is the complement to G
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Guanine
Cytosine

8. Form = Function
DNA’s two special features
makes it really good at doing
its job!
Complementary base pairing means the code can be transferred to RNA
That’s how DNA makes RNA
It can unzip at these hydrogen bonds
for easy replication

9. FORM = FUNCTION (Job) Genetic Material
hydrogen bonds between paired bases are somewhat weak.
The two sides of DNA split apart pretty easily
DNA gets duplicated (copied) after it splits apart
Each side of the ladder is a template for the new molecule of DNA
DNA

10. DNA Replication DNA unzips and unwinds with the help of enzymes
Free nucleotides in the nucleus base pair with the exposed strands
Two new strands are created identical to the starting strand and each other

11. DNA Replication
Each new DNA molecule keeps one strand from the original starting molecule AND a builds a brand new matched strand from free nucleotides in the nucleus.
A GOOD WAY TO AVOID ERRORS!
Errors = mutations

12. animation

13. DNA codes for Proteins DNA makes RNA makes Proteins
The process of protein synthesis (synthesis = making)
How does DNA do this?

14. DNA is a Big Molecule Fun Facts!
Each nucleus of each cell in your body has 6’ of DNA in it
You have about 9 million kilometers of DNA. That's enough to reach to the moon and back 13 times! 

15. DNA is stuck in the nucleus
It can’t get out….it’s just too darned big
Besides, it’s important stuff so it’s a good thing that it’s protected inside the nucleus
BUT proteins are big too….
Proteins are needed both outside and inside the nucleus
DILEMMA….what should DNA do?
DNA makes a messenger to do the job outside of the nucleus
mRNA or messenger RNA
Red words

16. DNA makes RNA (aka Transcription)
RNA = ribonucleic acid
There are several kinds of RNA
mRNA (m = messenger) Holds the code for proteins
tRNA (t = transfer) Transfers the correct amino acid
rRNA (r = ribosomal) Makes up part of the ribosome
RNA is like DNA (both are nucleic acids) but slightly different
It is single stranded (not a double helix like DNA)
Instead of T (thymine) it has U (uracil)
So the A of DNA base pairs with U when making RNA

17. T G T C A C A G T G C A G A A G G A T C A U C C C U G A G T C T A A G G A C T T C C
A strand of RNA is made using the DNA as a template

18. The amino acid is attached here
tRNA a
rRNA (ribosome)
anticodon
Form = Function

19. m m enzyme Transcription:x m
Transcription:
A single-stranded mRNA being assembled using DNA as the template. Since there is no T in RNA each A is paired with URACIL = U.
DNA also makes tRNA and rRNA.

20. RNA makes Protein (aka Translation)
A portion of the code protected in DNA (a GENE) gets transcribed to a strand of messsenger mRNA.
One gene’s worth of mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome and tRNA
Once assembled, more tRNAs deliver amino acids to the strip of mRNA in the correct order. Therefore the nucleic acid code gets translated into an amino acid code.
The amino acids bind together in a longer and longer strand to make the protein coded for by the gene

24. Translation to Protein
gene
DNA A T G C C A C T A G C A C G T T A C G G T G A T C G T G C A
Sense strand
Transcription to mRNA T A C G G T G A T C G T G C A
codon
codon
codon
codon
codon
There’s no T in RNA!
Translation to Protein
Use the universal genetic code

26. After the Protein is built
The string of amino acids is released from the ribosome/mRNA complex
Because the amino acids have different charges (positive or negative like a magnet) they attract or repel each other
This causes the amino acid chain to fold up into a 3-dimensional shape.
Each protein has its own particular shape
Each protein folds up the same way every time

28. Proteins fold up into a 3-D shape
Different charges of amino acids repel or attract each other
Each protein has its own special shape
Each protein folds up the same way every time
If a protein doesn’t fold it can’t do its job

29. Sickle Cell Anemia A disease that is the result of a mutation in DNA
which results in a protein that doesn’t fold up right

30. Normal Red Blood Cells
Contain hemoglobin molecules (made from Protein)
Hemoglobin folds to a shape that is great at carrying oxygen
The shape of hemoglobin gives RBC’s their shape

31. Sickled Red Blood Cells
Mutation in DNA changes the order of amino acids in Hemoglobin.
The protein folds slightly differently
The mutation makes the RBCs look like sickles.

32. The chain of amino acids is only slightly different…but it’s enough to cause this chain to fold up into a different shape.

33. How does this cause disease?
The shape of the cell is not good at carrying oxygen. FATIGUE lack of ATP
The cell gets stuck in veins causing severe pain

34. The sickle cell mutation is a like a typographical error in the DNA code of the gene that tells the body how to make a form of hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying molecule in our blood. Every person has two copies of the hemoglobin gene. Usually, both genes make a normal hemoglobin protein. When someone inherits two mutant copies of the hemoglobin gene, the abnormal form of the hemoglobin protein causes the red blood cells to lose oxygen and warp into a sickle shape during periods of high activity. These sickled cells become stuck in small blood vessels, causing a "crisis" of pain, fever, swelling, and tissue damage that can lead to death. This is sickle cell anemia.

35. A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a GENE
Gene Expression
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a GENE

36. Cells
What is your body made out of?
46 Chromosomes, made out of DNA and consisting of segments of DNA called genes
What is in the nucleus of each cell?
What does the DNA (46 chromosomes/genes) do?
Code for all of the proteins that your body needs to make to be you.
What is in the nuclei of the cells in your eyes?
46 chromosomes

37. What is in the nuclei of your spleen cells?
A copy of the same 46 chromosomes
A copy of the same 46 chromosomes
What is in the nuclei of cells in your heart?
So, if a copy of the same 46 chromosomes is in every cell…how come cells in the eyes make eye proteins and cells in the spleen make spleen proteins and cells in the heart make heart proteins?
GENE EXPRESSION: only the proteins needed by a certain type of cell are produced (or expressed) in that cell.

38. Gene Regulation: genes can be turned on and turned off depending on which type of cell needs the protein

39. Cloning, and recombining and counseling OH MY…
Genetic Engineering
Cloning, and recombining and counseling OH MY…

40. Recombinant DNA Technology
A gene is inserted into bacterial DNA
The bacteria (and their DNA) are replicated
The bacteria express the gene that was inserted into them
The protein that gene produces is used by humans.

42. Recombinant DNA
Gene that codes for the protein INSULIN
The bacteria expresses the insulin gene, the protein insulin is made and given to Diabetes patients.
Plasmid DNA

43. Recombinant DNA Technology
Gives us:
Insulin
Growth Factors
Clotting Factors
And more

44. Genetically Altered Plants
Insert a gene into a plant that makes the plant resistant to certain insect pests
Genetically alter cotton plants to produce non-white cotton.

45. Cloning Dolly the sheep Cloning to produce stem cells
Is cloning to produce off-spring ethical?
Is cloning to produce stem cells ethical?

46. Cloning for Stem Cells 23 46
Stem cell from same woman
Unfertilized Egg Cell 46
Replace the egg nucleus with the stem cell nucleus and add growth factors. The new cell divides to the BLASTULA stage and the more powerful stem cells are harvested.

47. Genetic Counseling
Parents can know before a child is born if they will have certain genetic problems
Cystic fibrosis
Parkinsons disease
Marfan’s Syndrome
And more