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REVIEW SLIDES
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NOTE: Disclaimer: students may find typos/mistakes in these reviews. If you spot them, please feel free to make a change and then the instructor the corrected Power Point. Disclaimer: these slides are not intended to substitute for exam preparation. Finding a mistake does not exempt students from knowing the material.
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Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 9 Autonomic Nervous System
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Smooth muscle cells may release Ca2+ from their sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to Ca2+ entering from extracellular fluid OR in response to ______________ produced at the plasma membrane due to stimulation by a hormone.
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Smooth muscle cells may release Ca2+ from their sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to Ca2+ entering from extracellular fluid OR in response to _inositol triphosphate_ produced at the plasma membrane due to stimulation by a hormone.
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In striated muscles (skeletal/cardiac), Ca2+ combines with troponin, but troponin is absent in smooth muscle cells and therefore Ca2+ combines with _______________.
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In striated muscles (skeletal/cardiac), Ca2+ combines with troponin, but troponin is absent in smooth muscle cells and therefore Ca2+ combines with calmodulin_. The calmodulin- Ca2+ complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin, allowing it to bind to actin (p. 395 – 396).
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Describe the effects of innervation/denervation of a visceral organ
CHAPTER 9 Describe the effects of innervation/denervation of a visceral organ
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ANSWER innervation – most visceral organs have dual innervation, which refers to the innervation by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. denervation refers to damage to a parasympathetic nerve which makes the tissue MORE sensitive to the stimulation.
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Bronchodilation is part of the __________________ response.
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Bronchodilation is part of the _sympathetic______ response.
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Bradycardia is part of the ____________________response.
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Bradycardia is part of the parasympathetic response.
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The two subtypes of cholinergic receptors are
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The two subtypes of cholinergic receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic.
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Tachycardia is part of the _______________________ response.
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Tachycardia is part of the ___sympathetic________ response.
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The major regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system is
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The major regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system is the hypothalamus.
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The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the ___________________.
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The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the _thalamus______.
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When a visceral organ is denervated, it becomes __________ sensitive to subsequent stimulation by neurotransmitters.
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When a visceral organ is denervated, it becomes ___more___ sensitive to subsequent stimulation by neurotransmitters.
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Describe the different characteristics between the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
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Describe the different characteristics between the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Many sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse in the sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia, whereas parasympathetic neurons synapse on the viscera
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Liver glycogenolysis is part of the ________________response.
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Liver glycogenolysis is part of the _sympathetic______ response.
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Liver glycogenesis is part of the _______________response.
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Liver glycogenesis is part of the _parasympathetic____response.
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Explain the multiple roles of acetylcholine
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Explain the multiple roles of acetylcholine
Lowers heart rate, released by somatic neurons to stimulate muscle contraction, released by preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, activates smooth muscle contraction in parastalsis.
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Low GI motility is/is not a sympathetic response?
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Low GI motility is/is not a sympathetic response?
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Ejaculation is/is not a sympathetic response?
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Ejaculation is/is not a sympathetic response?
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Drugs that act as beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists may be given to lower heart rate. How would they work?
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Drugs that act as beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists may be given to lower heart rate. How would they work? They block the action of a neurotransmitter
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Informational slide: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: Antagonistic means the two systems produce opposite effects. Complementary – both systems produce similar effects Cooperative – systems produce different effects that work together to promote a single action.
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: “Antagonistic” means the two systems produce
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: “Antagonistic” means the two systems produce opposite effects.
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: Complementary – both systems produce ________________ effects
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: Complementary – both systems produce similar__ effects
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: Cooperative – systems produce…
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems can work in three fashions: antagonistic, complementary or cooperatively: Cooperative – systems produce different effects that work together to promote a single action.
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers both innervate the cells of the heart. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate, and the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. This is an example of dual innervation which is
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers both innervate the cells of the heart. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate, and the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. This is an example of dual innervation which is antagonistic.
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The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on salivary gland secretion are __________________.
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The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on salivary gland secretion are __complementary___. The secretion of watery saliva is simulated by parasympathetic nerves. Sympathetic nerves stimulate low flow of saliva and more viscous saliva (containing more protein).
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The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on micturition are __________________.
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The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on micturition are __cooperative_____. Contraction of the urinary bladder (leading to urination) is promoted by parasympathetic stimulation Contraction of the urinary bladder (leading to urination) can also be promoted by sympathetic stimulation when a person is in a situation of high fear.
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CH 9 Students should learn the table we made and Table 9.4 and associated text
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Binding of epinephrine to the beta adrenergic receptor on the heart ______________ heart rate
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Binding of epinephrine to the beta adrenergic receptor on the heart __increases_____ heart rate
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Binding of epi/norepi to the alpha adrenergic receptor of the iris causes ________________ of the radial fibers, which leads to dilation.
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Binding of epi/norepi to the alpha adrenergic receptor of the iris causes _contraction__ of the radial fibers, which leads to dilation.
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Binding of epi/norepi to the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors causes __________________ of visceral blood vessels.
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Binding of epi/norepi to the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors causes _constriction_ of visceral blood vessels.
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Table 9.4
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The only visceral organ innervated by a single sympathetic axon is the _______________
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The only visceral organ innervated by a single sympathetic axon is the adrenal gland_.
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The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex are really two separate glands. The adrenal medulla is made up of tissue that is derived from ______________ embryonic origins.
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The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex are really two separate glands. The adrenal medulla is made up of tissue that is derived from __neural__ embryonic origins.
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Acetylcholine is secreted by _________ motor neurons and all _________________ and _______________ preganglionic neurons
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Acetylcholine is secreted by somatic_ motor neurons and all parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons
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Figures 9.5, 9.7, 9.9, Table 9.4 and related text.
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Fig. 9.5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial nerve III Ciliary muscle and pupil of eye Midbrain Cranial nerve VII Lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa Hindbrain Cranial nerve IX Cranial nerve X Submandibular and sublingual glands T1 T2 T3 Parotid gland T4 T5 Lung T6 T7 Sympathetic chain ganglion Celiac ganglion T8 Heart Greater splanchnic nerve T9 Liver and gallbladder T10 T11 Spleen Lesser splanchnic nerve T12 Stomach Pancreas L1 L2 Superior mesenteric ganglion Large intestine Small intestine Adrenal gland and kidney S2 S3 Inferior mesenteric ganglion S4 Urinary bladder Pelvic nerves Reproductive organs
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Fig. 9.7 Cranial parasympathetic nerves Terminal ganglion ACh Visceral
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial parasympathetic nerves Terminal ganglion ACh Visceral effectors ACh Paravertebral ganglion NE Visceral effectors ACh Adrenal medulla Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) nerves ACh E, NE (hormones) Circulation NE Visceral effectors ACh Sacral parasympathetic nerves Collateral ganglion Visceral effector organs ACh ACh
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Fig. 9.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sympathetic neuron Varicosity Synapses en passant Smooth muscle cell Parasympathetic neuron (a) Axon of Sympathetic Neuron Synaptic vesicle with norepinephrine (NE) NE Adrenergic receptors Antagonistic effects Smooth muscle cell Cholinergic receptors ACh Axon of Parasympathetic Neuron Synaptic vesicle with acetylcholine (ACh) (b)
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Know about asthma and its treatments, and about beta blockers.
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Know Fig. 9.10
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Fig. 9.10 Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Preganglionic
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Preganglionic neurons Nicotinic ACh receptors ACh Postganglionic neurons ACh Norepinephrine Stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors Stimulates α1-adrenergic receptors Stimulates β1-adrenergic receptors Stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors Parasympathetic nerve effects Vasoconstriction in viscera and skin Increased heart rate and contractility Dilation of bronchioles (of lung) and blood vessels
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What is the meaning of the term, “synapses en passant”?
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What is the meaning of the term, “synapses en passant”?
“Synapses en passant” refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitters along the length of the axon
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