1. GROUNDWORK FOR COLLEGE READING
Fourth Edition
John Langan
© Townsend Press

2. FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Using Guidewords to Find a Word
See page 42 in textbook.
Guidewords are the two words at the top of each dictionary page.
• The first guideword is the first word on that page. • The second is the last word on the page. • All the word entries on that page fall alphabetically between the two guidewords.

3. FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Finding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 1: If you’re not sure about the vowels in a word, you will have to experiment.
• Vowels often sound the same. So try an i in place of an a, an i in place of an e, and so on.
• If, for example, you don’t find a word that sounds as if it begins with pa, try looking under pe, pi, po, pu, or py.
See page 43 in textbook.

4. FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Finding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 2: These groups or combinations of letters often sound alike.
• If your word isn’t spelled with one of the letters in a pair or group shown below, try another in the same pair or group.
• For example, if it isn’t spelled with a k, it might be spelled with a c.
c/k
c/s
f/v/ph
g/j
qu/kw/k
s/c/z
sch/sc/sk
sh/ch
shun/tion /sion
w/wh
able/ible
ai/ay
al/el/le
ancy/ency
ate/ite
au/aw
ea/ee
er/or
ie/ei
ou/ow
oo/u
y/i/e
See page 43 in textbook.

5. FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Finding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 3: Consonants are sometimes doubled in a word.
• If you can’t find your word with a single consonant, try doubling it.
See page 43 in textbook.

6. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
Sample Dictionary Entry
All of the following information may be provided in a dictionary entry:
1 Spelling and Syllables
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
3 Parts of Speech
4 Irregular Forms of Words
5 Definitions (Meanings)
6 Synonyms
See page 44 in textbook.

7. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
1 Spelling and Syllables
• The dictionary first gives the correct spelling and syllable breakdown of a word.
• Dots separate the syllables from one another. In the entry above, distress is divided into two syllables:
See page 45 in textbook.
dis • tress

8. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
1 Spelling and Syllables
How many syllables are in these words?
harsh ru•mor ex•cep•tion in•stall•ment
See page 45 in textbook.
ANSWERS:
Harsh = 1
Rumor = 2
Exception = 3
Installment = 3

9. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
1 Spelling and Syllables
How many syllables are in these words?
harsh ru•mor ex•cep•tion in•stall•ment
1 syllable 2 syllables 3 syllables 3 syllables
See page 45 in textbook.

10. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
• The information in parentheses shows how to pronounce the word.
• It includes two kinds of symbols: pronunciation symbols and accent marks.
See page 45 in textbook.

11. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
Pronunciation Key
See pages 46 to 48 in textbook.
ANSWER: Like the e in ten
• The i in distress has the symbol µ. This tells you that the i is pronounced like the i in the word sit.
• The e in distress is pronounced like the e in what word?

12. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
Pronunciation Key
See pages 46 to 48 in textbook.
• The i in distress has the symbol µ. This tells you that the i is pronounced like the i in the word sit.
• The e in distress is pronounced like the e in what word? ten

13. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
• The dark line after the final s in distress is a bold accent mark. It shows which syllable has the strongest stress.
• Which syllable is most strongly stressed in each of the words below?
See pages 48 and 49 in textbook.
ANSWERS: battle = syllable 1: bat
Disgust = syllable 2: gust
Approval = syllable 2: prov
Favorable = syllable 1: fa
Examination = syllable 4: na (syllable 2 is less strongly stressed)

14. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
• The dark line after the final s in distress is a bold accent mark. It shows which syllable has the strongest stress.
• Which syllable is most strongly stressed in each of the words below?
first
second
fourth
See pages 48 and 49 in textbook.

15. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
3 Parts of Speech
Every word in the dictionary is either a noun, a verb, an adjective, or another part of speech.
In dictionary entries, the parts of speech are shown by letters in italics.
In the entry for progress, the abbreviations n. and v. tell us that progress is both a noun and a verb.
See pages 49 and 50 in textbook.

16. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
3 Parts of Speech
Here are the most common abbreviations for parts of speech:
n. — noun v. — verb
pron. — pronoun conj. —conjunction
adj. — adjective prep. — preposition
adv. — adverb interj. — interjection
See pages 49 and 50 in textbook.

17. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
4 Irregular Forms of Words
When other forms of a word are spelled in an irregular way, those forms are shown in the dictionary entry.
Here are some examples:
See pages 50 and 51 in textbook.

18. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
5 Definitions
• Words often have more than one meaning. The dictionary lists the different meanings.
• You can tell which definition fits a given sentence by the meaning of the sentence.
See pages 51 and 52 in textbook.

19. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
5 Definitions
Choose the dictionary meaning that best fits the sentence.
I suspect the exam is going to be all essay questions.
suspect: 1. To regard as likely or probable
2. To distrust or doubt
3. To think of as guilty without proof
See pages 51 and 52 in textbook.
ANSWERS:
Suspect = definition 1
Instruct = definition 2
The doctor instructed the nurse to take my blood pressure.
instruct: 1. To teach a subject or skill
2. To give orders to; direct

20. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
5 Definitions
Choose the dictionary meaning that best fits the sentence.
I suspect the exam is going to be all essay questions.
suspect: 1. To regard as likely or probable
2. To distrust or doubt
3. To think of as guilty without proof
See pages 51 and 52 in textbook.
The doctor instructed the nurse to take my blood pressure.
instruct: 1. To teach a subject or skill
2. To give orders to; direct

21. LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
6 Synonyms
Dictionary entries sometimes list synonyms.
• A synonym is a word whose meaning is similar to that of another word.
— For example, two synonyms for the word help are aid and assist.
• A thesaurus is a collection of synonyms and antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
— You can buy a paperback thesaurus in a bookstore. — Or you can access a free thesaurus online. — In addition, some computers have a built-in thesaurus.
See page 53 in textbook.