1. Lifespan Development 77. Development Questions
79. Development Notes
80. Infancy and Childhood
81.
EQ- How do humans develop from infancy to adulthood?

2. Developmental Psychology
What shapes the way we change over time?
Focus on psychological changes across the entire life span
Every area of psychology can be looked at from this perspective
Physical development
Social development
Cognitive development

3. Fundamental Issues: Nature vs. Nurture
What is role of heredity vs. environment in determining psychological makeup?
Is IQ inherited or determined early environment?
Is there a ‘criminal’ gene?
Is sexual orientation a choice or genetically determined?
Two views of human development
stage theories: there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development
continuity: development is continuous

4. Page 80: Infancy and Childhood
Stages we will look at:
Infancy/Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Page 80: Infancy and Childhood

5. Physical Development Conception—when a sperm penetrates the ovum
Zygote—a fertilized egg
Germinal period—first two weeks after conception
Embryonic period—weeks three through eight after conception, develop eyes, ears, nose, mouth, heart, liver, kidney
Fetal period—two months after conception until birth

7. 8 week embryo http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal1.html
If you click on the smaller picture, you will bring up this one.
It is possible that all of these pictures came from this book A Child Is Born by Lennart Nilsson (also in
paperback)..
Another site that may have them is
But I am not sure. They do have an awesome media gallery.
8 week embryo

8. 12 week fetus http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal1.html
If you click on the smaller picture, you will bring up this one.
12 week fetus

9.
18 week fetus

10. 20 weeks (5 months) http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal2.html
If you click on the smaller picture you will get this one.
20 weeks (5 months)

11. 24 weeks (6 months) http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal2.html
If you click on t he smaller picture you get this one.
24 weeks (6 months)

12. 28 weeks (7 months) http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal2.html
If you click on the smaller picture you get this.
28 weeks (7 months)

13. 32 weeks (8 months) http://www.w-cpc.org/fetal3.html
If you click on the smaller picture you get this.
32 weeks (8 months)

14. Infant Abilities can detect movement and large objects
Infants are born with immature visual system
can detect movement and large objects
Other senses function well on day 1
will orient to sounds
turn away from unpleasant odors
prefer sweet to sour tastes
Born with a number of reflex behaviors

15. Infant Reflexes
Rooting—turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
Sucking—sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation
Grasping—curling the fingers around an object
Moro reflex- pull up legs and arch back in response to startle

18. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
Temperament--inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way
Attachment-- emotional bond between infant and caregiver

19. Quality of Attachment
Parents who are consistently warm, responsive, and sensitive to the infant’s needs usually have infants who are securely attached
Parents who are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to infant’s needs usually have infants who are insecurely attached

20. Harlow’s Monkeys Social Isolation leads to serious problems
Normal development requires affectionate contact
Lack of social contact, rather than lack of parent causes the problem
Lesser periods of isolation may be overcome, longer periods cause irreparable damage

21. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Used to study quality of attachment in infants
Observe child’s reaction when mother is present with the child in a “strange” room
Observe the child’s reaction when mother leaves
Observes the child’s reaction when mother returns

22. Parenting Style Warm Cold Strict Permissive
Lots of affection, smiles often, enjoys spending time together
Cold
Not as affectionate, does not seem to enjoy time, does not smile/play as often
Strict
Many rules and close supervision
Permissive
Less rules, less supervision

23. Results Warm- well adjusted, have a moral conscience
Cold- can be maladjusted, does anything to avoid punishment
Authoritative Parents- warm and age appropriately strict, kids are achievers and feel confident and safe
Authoritarian Parents- cold and strict about everything, kids are either totally rebellious or totally dependent on others

24. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Noam Chomsky asserts that every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn language “universal grammar”
Skinner- all language is learned; reinforcement

25. Language Development
Infant preference for human speech over other sounds
before 6 months can hear differences used in all languages
after 6 months begin to hear only differences used in native language
Cooing—vowel sounds produced 2–4 months
Babbling—consonant/vowel sounds between 4 to 6 months
Even deaf infants coo and babble

26. Adolescence
Pg. 82 Adolescence
Pg. 83. Important Stages in Development

27. Adolescence Physical Development
Transition stage between late childhood and early adulthood
Growth spurt- period of rapid growth that lasts 2-3 years (most grow 8-12 inches)
Girls- begin around 10-11
Boys- begin around 14
Sexual maturity is attained at this time
Puberty--attainment of sexual maturity and ability to reproduce (primary and secondary sex characteristics develop)
Health, nutrition, genetics play a role in onset and progression of puberty
The brain also starts growing again can lead to poor impulse control, bad judgment, thrill seeking

28. Social Relationships “storm and stress”
Parent-child relationship is usually positive
May have some periods of friction
Peers become increasingly important
Most have 1-2 best friends (time together and one phone/social media)
Cliques- peer group of 5-10 people (time, shared identity)
Crowds- larger group (shared identity, less time)
Adolescents tend to have friends of similar age, race, social class, and with same religious beliefs.

29. Dating Also develops in stages
1. Place themselves in situations where those people will be (mall, after school events, courtyard)
2. Coed group dating (movies, parties)
Individual talking/social media
3. individual dating (one on one)

30. Other stages that begin in infancy/childhood but continue throughout your life…

31. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget (1896–1980) Swiss psychologist who became leading stage theorist in 1930s
Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world”
Cognitive development is a stage process

32. Piaget on how we learn:
Assimilation—process of taking in new knowledge or a new experience
Ex: have a dog, see another one and think “that’s a dog”
Accommodation—process by which we change our way of thinking because of new knowledge
Ex: have a dog, see a cat and say “dog”, get corrected and now know “cat”
These processes build on the knowledge of previous stages

33. Piaget’s Approach
Primary method was to ask children to solve problems and to question them about the reasoning behind their solutions
Discovered that children think in radically different ways than adults
Proposed that development occurs as a series of ‘stages’ differing in how the world is understood

34. Piaget

35. Freud Psychosexual development
Our Aunt Plays Lady Gaga!

36. Erikson’s Theory

37. Movie is Friday. I’m out on Wednesday!
EQ- How do we develop morality?
Table of Contents:
84. Dawson’s Creek Moral Development

38. Identity Development-
Key issue in adolesence- Who am I? What do a stand for?
Successful resolution leads to positive identity
Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion or a negative identity
To find it we experiment with values, beliefs, roles, relationships- try out different “selves”
Go through identity crisis- turning point when you examine your life and make changes

39. Identity Status Patterns
Identity Moratorium
“time out”, hold off on making important decisions, explore identities and behaviors (diff. styles of dress, etc.) but head in the general direction of future goals
Identity
Foreclosure
Identity is based on other people’s opinions and expectations (parents, teachers, peers)… can lead to dissatisfaction with life
Diffusion
Continue to search, lack goals and interests, “I don’t care” attitude (most people leave this in middle school/9th grade)
Achievement
Have a sense of “self”, committed to our identity and our future goals

40. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers
Proposed six stages, each taking into account a broader portion of the social world

41. Levels of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional—moral reasoning is based on external rewards and punishments
Conventional—laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules
Postconventional—reasoning based on personal moral standards

42. Moral Development
Level 1- Preconventional- birth-9: base judgment on consequences:
stage 1- right = don’t get in trouble
stage 2- right = what meets your needs
Level 2- Conventional- base judgments on society’s standards of right and wrong
Stage 3- good- meets your needs and expectations of others
stage 4- right = social order
Level 3- Post-Conventional- personal values
Stage 5- laws are good, but sometimes you have to break them
Stage 6- good = support human life, justice and dignity

43. Moral Dilemma
Decision
Kohlberg Stage

44. Adult Development
Genetics and lifestyle combine to determine course of physical changes
Social development involves marriage and transition to parenthood
Paths of adult social development are varied and include diversity of lifestyles

45. Late Adulthood
Old age as a time of poor health, inactivity, and decline is a myth
Activity theory of aging—life satisfaction is highest when people maintain level of activity they had in earlier years

46. Death and Dying
In general, anxiety about dying tends to decrease in late adulthood
Kubler-Ross stages of dying
Denial
Anger
Bargain
Depression
Acceptance
Not universally demonstrated