1. Essential Questions
Make a chart and write down what you Know, what you Want to know about Period 6: K W L

2. PERIOD 6:
“The Gilded Age”

3. Overview
This period covers the end of the Civil War up to the beginning of the Spanish-American War. America transforms form an agrarian society to an industrialized and urbanized society. Three themes to guide us through the period are:
1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post- Civil War era.
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.

4. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.

5. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
What is Industrial Capitalism?
Industrial capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit.
This is the dominate economic system in the United States and the developed world.

6. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
What is Industrial Capitalism?
Six features of large-scale manufacturing (post Civil War)
1. Raw materials
2. Abundant labor supply
3. Population boom & transportation boom
4. Capital was a plenty!
5. Friendly business policies from federal government
6. Talented entrepreneurs

7. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know…
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroad tycoon
Merged local railroads
Unified the parts, engines, and rail car

8. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know…
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
Trust agreements- opposed to buying up small companies, formed mergers with competitors
By 1880, controlled 90% of America’s oil

9. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know…
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Steel Co.
Combined new technology (Bessemer steel process) w/ cost analysis approach (precise accounting)
Developed vertical integration- process of buying out suppliers

10. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know…
J.P. Morgan
Wealthy banker
Created “Trusts” to consolidate industries
Bought out bankrupt railroads in 1893
Bought out U.S. Steel Corporation in 1900

11. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
How do you justify Industrial Capitalism?
Laissez-faire economics
Essential to Industrial Capitalism
Free market economics, no government regulation

12. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
How do you justify Industrial Capitalism?
Social Darwinism
“Survival of the fittest” principals applied to business
“A drunkard in the gutter is just were he ought to be… the law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest.”

13. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
How do you justify Industrial Capitalism?
Gospel of Wealth
Protestant work effort makes you rich, and the rich had a “God- given” obligation to donate
Rockefeller- donated over $500 million in his lifetime
Rockefeller Foundation, University of Chicago, created a medical institute that cured yellow fever
Carnegie- donated over $300 million in his lifetime (90% of his wealth)
Carnegie Hall, libraries, universities

14. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
So what are the impacts of Industrial Capitalism?
Social divisions occur
Wealthy vs. Poor
million immigrants flood America (51% labor force)
Economy that promotes low wages and “unprotected workers”
Immigrants and poor migrants
Women and children

15. 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.
So what are the impacts of Industrial Capitalism?
Organized Labor begins to form
Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers- Pres. of AFL
(1886) Haymarket Riot
(1892) Homestead Strike
(1894) Pullman Strike
Eugene V. Debs- formed the American Railway Union

16. Key Concept 6.1
Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.

17. 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.

18. 1. Displaced farm workers 2. Overcrowding & joblessness in cities
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
Push Factors- Why get out of Europe?
Pull Factors- Why come to America?... (Why wouldn’t you?)
1. Displaced farm workers
2. Overcrowding & joblessness in cities
3. Religious persecution
Jews in Eastern Europe
1. American exceptionalism!
Political & religious freedoms
2. Economic opportunities out west
3. Abundance of industrial jobs in cities

19. Cheap rent, wage earning jobs, family support
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
What was so appealing to immigrants and urban centers?
Cultural centers
Cheap rent, wage earning jobs, family support
By 1890, immigrants became 15% of U.S. population

20. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
That’s a lot of immigrants! How does America restrict the flow?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Ban on all new immigrants from China
Literacy Tests
Rigorous medical exams
Entry fees (taxes)

21. Urban Reform Movements
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
Urban Reform Movements
Settlement Houses- Jane Addams’ “Hull House”
Taught English, grade school education classes, industrial skills, theatre and arts
Social Gospel- Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform.

22. (1849) California Gold Rush!! Homestead Act of 1862
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
The push west continues…
(1849) California Gold Rush!!
Homestead Act of 1862
160 acres of land… FREE!
Have to settle for 5 years
(1869) Transcontinental Railroad is complete!

23. American Indian’s in the West: Indian Wars
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
The push west continues…
American Indian’s in the West: Indian Wars
Custer’s Last Stand
Wounded Knee
Solution to Native Americans: Kill the Buffalo

24. American Indian’s in the West: Indian Policy
2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
The push west continues…
American Indian’s in the West: Indian Policy
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Break up tribal organization
Forced onto reservations
Guaranteed citizenship if they “adopted the habits of civilized life (Americanization)”

25. 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.
The “New South”
Self-sufficient economy built around industrial capitalism
Tenant farming (sharecropping) maintained poverty
Segregation continues:
Grandfather clauses
Literacy tests
Plessy v. Ferguson- “Separate but equal”

26. Key Concept 6.2
The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.

27. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.

28. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Two political parties dominated the Gilded Age
Republicans
Northern Protestants
Prairie Farmers
African-Americans
Union Veterans
Supported
High tariffs
Railroad construction
Spoils system
Gold Standard
Democrats
Solid South
Immigrants
Catholics
Urban dwellers
Supported
States’ rights
Low tariffs
Spoils system
Gold standard

29. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Gilded Age politics were very corrupt, and very forgettable
Credit Mobilier- Railroad scandal giving “kickbacks” to politicians
James Garfield assassinated (we seem to forget)
Pendleton Civil Service Act- eliminate spoils system, jobs based on merit

30. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Gilded Age politics were very corrupt, and very forgettable
Political Machines
Tammany Hall & Boss Tweed
Political mafia that runs city politics

31. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction
Agrarian Protest and the Rise of the People’s Party
The Grange - an organization of farmers
Farmers' alliance movement- advocated farmers' cooperatives, eventually turned to politics
Populist Party

32. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction
Goals of the Populist and Farmer’s Alliance movement
nationalization of the railroads
an increased money supply
direct election of U.S. senators
a graduated income tax

33. William Jennings Bryan
3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.
Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction
William Jennings Bryan
“Cross of Gold” Speech
The Election of 1896
William McKinley vs. W.J. Bryan (he loses… of course)

34. Key Concept 6.3
The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

35. Recap: Essential Questions
Now fill in what you Learned about Period 6: K W L