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SPPA 5530 Stuttering & Other Fluency Disorders
Stephen M. Tasko Ph.D. CCC-SLP Speech Pathology and Audiology Western Michigan University 1
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Stuttering: Organizing Principles for Advanced Characteristics
SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 2
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Characterizing Advanced Stuttering
Dimensions of Stuttering ABC’s of Stuttering Overt Speech Characteristics Physical Concomitants Physiological Activity Affective Features Cognitive Processes Social Dynamics Affective consequences feelings of fear and shame Behavioral consequences changes in communication behaviors Cognitive consequences attitudes and thoughts about communication as well as self concept SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 3
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Overt Stuttering Behaviors
Repetition Prolongation Block SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 4
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Illinois Longitudinal Studies (ILS) Disfluency Classification System
Stuttering like disfluencies (SLD) Part-word repetition Phoneme level Syllable level Single-syllable whole word repetition Disrhythmic phonation Prolongation Block/tense pause Other disfluencies (OD) Interjection Multi-syllable word or phrase repetition Revision or abandoned utterance While designed for young children, the classification scheme is useful for identifying and categorizing disfluencies SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 5
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Additional Factors to Consider Beyond Disfluency “Type” or “Class”
Ward (2006) Severity Frequency Effort/tension Bloodstein (1995) Duration Yairi (1997) Frequency 2-3 times total disfluencies 5-6 times SLD Duration/Severity ↑ proportion of part-word repetitions with ≥ 2 units Clustering of disfluencies 6 times disfluency ‘clusters’ Longer disfluency clusters Rhythm Repetitions with shorter successive interval between units SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 6
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Concomitant Behaviors
Physical Concomitants include Elevated muscle tension Tremor Extraneous body movements Skin reactions Other Speech Characteristics include Altered speech breathing patterns Speaking at/to very low lung volumes Gasping and speaking on inhalation Vocal abnormalities Glottal fry Falsetto Abnormal intonation patterns Unusual Interjections/Interruptions Excessive pausing Altered speaking rate Bloodstein (1995) Van Riper (1982) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 7
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Why do persons who stutter exhibit overt concomitant behaviors?
Van Riper had thoughts on this… Overt concomitants can serve as a(n) Avoidance device Postponement device Starting device Escape device Adapted from Van Riper (1963) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 8
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Concomitant Behaviors
Physiological concomitants Neurophysiological Cardiovascular Biochemical Bloodstein (1995) Van Riper (1982) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 9
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Concomitant Behaviors
Introspective concomitants Frustration Tension Affective reaction Fear Shame Guilt Development of thoughts and attitudes about stuttering, speaking, and self concept Bloodstein (1995) Van Riper (1982) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 10
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Additional anecdotal reports
A sense of loss of control of speech structures Feeling of extreme time pressure for communication SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 11
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Where does stuttering occur?
Linguistic Regularities “Brown’s” Factors (1938)* Phonetic factors Vowels vs. consonants Plosives vs. other sounds Grammatical factors Function vs. content words Word position Initial word in utterance/clause Word length Monosyllabic vs. polysyllabic words * Does not generalize well to younger children SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 12
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Where does stuttering occur?
Linguistic Regularities Additional factors Utterance length Grammatical complexity Word frequency/familiarity Information load of word Linguistic stress SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 13
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Where does stuttering occur? Other patterns
Adaptation effect Consistency effect Adjacency effect Expectancy effect SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 14
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Where does stuttering occur? Other patterns
Factors* to consider Communication partner Communication environment Communication mode E.g. Face-to-face, telephone *highly idiosyncratic SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 15
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Examples of conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Novel or atypical speaking patterns Singing or speaking with a melody Monotone speech Reduced speech rate Imitating another person or foreign dialect Whispering (Bloodstein (1995) Yairi & Seery (2011) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 16
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Examples of conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Communication situation Speaking to an animal Speaking to an infant Speaking alone Acting in a play Recitations (Bloodstein (1995) Yairi & Seery (2011) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 17
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Examples of conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Altered auditory environments Choral speaking Shadowed speech Masking noise Delayed auditory feedback Frequency altered feedback (Bloodstein (1995) Yairi & Seery (2011) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 18
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Examples of conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Concurrent or associated activity Swinging arm, tapping foot (external timing/rhythm) Speaking while writing Speaking during demanding physical or mental activity (Bloodstein (1995) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 19
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Examples of conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Emotional arousal Extreme emotions Swearing Intense or unusual stimuli Hypnosis Physical distress Intoxication (Bloodstein (1995) SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 20
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Conditions that generally diminish frequency of stuttering
Why might these conditions affect fluency? SPPA Stephen M. Tasko 21
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