1. Theories of Stuttering Progression
Three Theories
1. Bluemel
2. Bloodstein’s 4 Stages
3. Van Riper’s Tracks

2. .simple disturbance in speech
Bluemel’s Theory
Proposed in 1940’s
Theory
Primary
Stuttering
Secondary
Stuttering
AWARENESS
Characteristics
.simple disturbance in speech
.effortless
core behaviors
Secondary behaviors
avoidance
struggle

3. Bloodstien’s 4 Stages Late 60’s 4 phases Phase I Preschool
Characteristics
conic (repetitions) symptoms of phase
tonic (hard contacts and prolongation's- not common
fluent periods- usually episodic
difficult situations-intensified by variable sources of communicative pressure
awareness: does not react emotionally to self as a stuttered

4. Early Elementary School Characteristics
Bloodstein, Phase II
Early Elementary School
Characteristics
clonic-repetitions
tonic-hard contacts or associated mannerisms
fluent periods-essentially chronic, may disappear briefly
difficult situations: stuteresre primarily when he talks fast and gets excited stutters equally at home and school
DISTINGUISHING characteristic
awareness:thinks of himself as a stuttered
types of words: major parts of speech
concern: little or no concern except in severe cases

5. Junior High and High School Characteristics
Bloodsrtein, Phase III
Junior High and High School
Characteristics
Clonic: fully developed stuttering with avoidance
Tonic: see above
Fluent Periods: chronic
Difficult Situations: distinctly more difficult in some situations than others and is aware of the situations
Awareness: aware and acknowledges as a person short coming
Types of Words: feared words and sounds
Emotional:: exasperation, avoidance and distrust little outward appearance of being troubled

6. Bloodstein, Phase IV Older Characteristics
Clonic/Tonic: same as Phase III
Chronic
Difficult Situations: vivid and continual anticipation
Awareness: serious personal problem
Fully developed symptomatology with avoidance, postponement, starters and release devices
Definite emotional reactions: avoidance, embarrassment, fear

7. Van Riper’s 4 Tracks Developmental
reaction to Bloodstein’s unidimensional view
desegregate grouping
refer to handout

8. Track I, Typical Development of Stuttering
Previously fluent
Gradual onset
cyclic
long remissions
good articulation
normal rte
syllabic repetitions
no tensions
loci: first words, function words
no awareness
no frustration

9. Track II, Cluttering no awareness no frustration
Often late, at time of first sentences
never very fluent
gradual onset
no remissions
poor articulation fast spurts
gaps, revisions, syllable and word repetitions
no tensions
no tremors
loci: first words, long words scattered throughout sentence
variable pattern
no awareness
no frustration

10. Track III, “Shocks and Frights”
Any age
previously fluent
sudden onset, often after trauma
steady
few short remissions
normal articulation
slow careful rate
much tension
tremors
beginning of utterance, after pauses
highly aware
much frustration

11. Track IV, Purposeful Stuttering
Later, usually after 4 years
previously fluent
sudden onset
erratic
no remission
normal articulation
normal rate
unusual behaviors
variable tension
normal speech is very fluent
no frustration
willing to talk, no evidence of fear

12. End of Lecture Notes