1. ENDOPTERYGOTES

2. ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA)
Major Change in Life Pattern
Exopterygota
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Endopterygota
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult

3. Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote
1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult
2. Change in gut
3. Mouthpart modifications

4. Are there intermediates?
Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Homoptera)
- histolysis of nymphal organs
- wing development is external
Thrips (Thysanoptera)
- histolysis of nymphal muscles
- wing development is external

5. Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

6. Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

7. Metamorphosis - waste products
Deamination
Protein breakdown
Ammonia - toxic
Uric acid
Meconium

8. Predominance of the Endopterygota

9. Phylogeny of Insects Insecta ? Archaeognatha Thysanura Paleoptera
Orthopteroids
Megaloptera
Pterygota
Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
Neoptera
Hemipteroids
Coleoptera ?
Strepsiptera
Endopterygota
Diptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera

10. Neuropteroid Orders ? Megaloptera Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera ?
Strepsiptera
Strepsiptera
Endopterygota
Diptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera

11. NEUROPTEROID ORDERS NEUROPTERA (antlions, lacewings) MEGALOPTERA
(Dobsonflies, alderflies)
RHAPHIDIOPTERA
(snakeflies)
STREPSIPTERA
(twisted wing parasites)

12. Hexapoda Insecta Pterygota Neoptera Holometabola Apterygotes
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Hexapoda
Zygentoma = Thysanura)
Ephemeroptera
Insecta
Odonata
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Pterygota
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea ?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Neoptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Holometabola
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Apterygotes
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Paleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous

13. Molecular evidence Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera
Trichoptera
Neuroptera
Rhaphidionaptera
Megaloptera
Coleoptera
Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
HEMIMETABOLOUS
Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Weigman et al, 2009

14. Comparison of Phylogenies
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Megaloptera
Diptera
Rhaphidioptera
Lepidoptera
Trichoptera
Neuroptera
Neuroptera
Rhaphidioptera
Coleoptera
Megaloptera ?
Strepsiptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Trichoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Lepidoptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera

15. Placement of the Strepsiptera
1. Sister group to the Endopterygota
2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga
3. Sister group to Coleoptera
4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera)

16. Hexapod Orders Strepsiptera Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing
Number of Species
500
Common names
Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans
Typical habitats
Parasites of other insects
Distinguishing characteristics
-reduced life stages
-triungulin larva
-forewings are halteres
-wings with few veins
-females - breed while larval
Other features

17. Strepsiptera - features
Males - ‘ raspberry eye’
Forewings = halteres

19. Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar
Strepsiptera - Life cycle
Oral secretions soften host cuticle
Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite
Seeks host
Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar
-legless grub
Triungulin
(1st instar larva)
hatches
Pupation
Host cuticle
Female larval cuticle
Male leaves to seek mate
Mating
Cephalothorax
Female stays in host
Brood canal
Genital pore

20. Strepsiptera - Males

21. Strepsiptera - Females

22. Strepsiptera - mating
= oocyte
sperm

23. Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar
Strepsiptera - Life cycle
Oral secretions soften host cuticle
Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite
Seeks host
Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar
-legless grub
Triungulin (1st instar larva)
hatches
Pupation
Host cuticle
Female larval cuticle
Male leaves to seek mate
Mating
Cephalothorax
Female stays in host
Brood canal
Genital pore

24. Hexapod Orders Neuroptera Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing
Number of Species
5000
Common names
Lacewings, antlions
Typical habitats
Variable
Distinguishing characteristics
-numerous crossveins in wing
-larvae with incomplete gut
-most primitive endopterygote
-predaceous larvae
Other features

25. Neuroptera - who are they?
Lacewings
Larvae - predatory
Adults - predatory or pollen feeders

26. Neuroptera - who are they?
Mantispidae
-convergent evolution with Mantodea

27. Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions

28. Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions
Larvae construct pits to trap prey

29. Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions
Modifications for anchoring

30. Antlion

31. Native Representations
Mimbres bowl
Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico.

32. Neuroptera - who are they?
Sisyridae - spongilla flies

33. Hexapod Orders Megaloptera Megalo - large, ptera - wing
Number of Species
300
Common names
Dobsonflies, alderflies
Typical habitats
Variable , larvae - aquatic
Distinguishing characteristics
-predatory larvae with complete gut
-anal fold in wing
Other features
-pronotum slightly extended
-mandibles in adult not used

34. Megaloptera - who are they?
Adult
Larva - “hellgrammite”

35. Megaloptera - who are they?
Adult

36. Dobsonfly - predator

37. Megaloptera - who are they?
Life cycle
Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond
Eggs laid overhanging water
Adults mate
Pupate in earthen cell
Hellgrammite larva

38. Hexapod Orders Raphidioptera Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing
Number of Species
200
Common names
snakeflies
Typical habitats
Forests - found west of Rockies
Distinguishing characteristics
-greatly extended pronotum
-adults and larvae predatory
Other features