1. Lipids *organic molecules with long hydrocarbon chains (nonpolar)
Major functions in the body:
* energy storage
* insulate and protect organs
* form cell membranes
* hormones

2. 1. Fats and oils – esters composed of glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) and long-chain carboxylic acids. Triglycerides

3. R - usually a straight chain
- usually an even number of carbon atoms
- between 10 & 20 carbon atoms
- no other functional groups present
Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats
All single bonds C-C contains C=C and/or C=C
Animal fats vegetable oils
Solids (high mp) Liquids (lower mp)
Pack closely together not closely packed

4. Essential fatty acids – there are 2
Lipases – enzymes in the body that hydrolyze fats to glycerol and fatty acids.
Fatty acids are then broken down to make CO2, H2O and energy. Produce large amounts of energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates (gram for gram)
Essential fatty acids – there are 2
Omega-6 linoleic
Cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid
Omega-3 linolenic
From these, the body can synthesize longer and more unsaturated fatty acids.
Trans fatty acids increase formation of LDL

5. Iodine Number – I2 reacts with pi bonds
Iodine Number – I2 reacts with pi bonds. I2 is added to a fat – the more I2 reacts, the more pi bonds present (more unsaturated)

6. Saponification – the production of soap from fatty acids.
Base Hydrolysis – triglyceride is hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong base (OH-) – produces glycerine and conjugate bases of carboxylic acids (soap molecules).
Action of soaps – Form micelles to attract nonpolar dirt into polar water.

8. Hard Water – Resists solution of soap (bubbles not produced)
- contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, which precipitate the ions of soap.
Phospholipids – contain polar and nonpolar ends (like soap) – form bilayers in cell membranes.
embedded proteins – allow for transport of substances into and out of the cell.

10. Waxes – monohydroxy alcohols
- low melting solids
- waterproof coating (fruits, some animals)
Steroids – A group of molecules with a common fused 4-ring structure

11. Cholesterol – multifunctional
found in tissues, blood, brain, spinal cord
building block for other steroids
formed in liver, available in food
hardening of arteries – heart disease
transported by lipoproteins
LDL – low density lipoproteins (“bad” cholesterol) – source is saturated fats.
- large molecules (18-25 nm long)
- transport cholesterol to arteries, leading to cardiovascular diseases.

12. HDL – high density lipoproteins (“good” cholesterol)
- can remove cholesterol from arteries and transport it back to liver.
- smaller molecules (8-11 nm long)

13. Hormones – chemical messengers
Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland, which controls the endocrine glands that make hormones.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) – produced in the adrenal cortex. Stimulant that is released in times of excitement. Increases heart rate and release of glucose into bloodstream.

14. Thyroxin – produced in thyroid glands in the neck. Contains iodine
Thyroxin – produced in thyroid glands in the neck. Contains iodine. Low levels (hypothyroidism) cause lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and dry skin. High levels (hyperthyroidism) causes anxiety, weight loss, intolerance to heat, and protruding eyes.
Insulin – produced in the pancreas. Regulates blood sugar levels. Hyperglycemia is caused by too little insulin (thirst, weight loss, circulatory problems). Hypogycemia causes dizziness and fainting.

15. Sex hormones – produced in the testes and ovaries
Estrogen
Testosterone
Contraceptives
Synthetic progesterone and estrogen
Stop release of hormones that cause ovulation
Mimics action of production of progesterone in pregnancy
Often “progesterone-like”

16. Anabolic Steroids – (anabolic = building up)
Minipill – changes composition of cervical mucous – prevent spermatozoa from entering.
Can be inserted under the skin
Time release over 5 years
Anabolic Steroids – (anabolic = building up)
uses – increase muscle mass
problems – Aging
Impotence, baldness, problems urinating, smaller testes (in men)
Build up muscles, facial hair (in women)
Temper, aggressive behavior, liver tumors, high blood pressure, heart attacks

17. Macronutrients – required by the body in large amounts (>0
Macronutrients – required by the body in large amounts (>0.005% body mass)
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl
Micronutrients – required by the body in trace amounts (<0.005% body mass)
Vitamins and trace minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co, B)

18. Metal Ions in the Body Ca – bones and teeth (needs P to attach)
Mg, Na, K – ions in fluids in and around cells.
Transition metals – REDOX reactions
- Lewis Acids
Zn2+ - cofactor in 100 enzymes
In insulin
Co3+ - vitamin B12
Fe – hemoglobin (oxygen transport)
Cu – cytochrome
Mn – needed for healthy bones
Cr – helps in metabolism

19. Sodium/Potassium – transmission of nerve impulses.
K+ - most abundant ion inside cells
Responsible for cellular enzymes
Na+ - most abundant ion outside cells
Maintains water balance
BOTH regulate H+ ions in the body