1. Muslim Scientists & their inventions
Part 1:
Nahmaduhu wa nussali ala rasoolihil kareem . Aauzubillahi minash shaitan nir rajeem . Bismillah hir rahmaan nir raheem.
Today we will be discussing the topic “Muslim scientists and their inventions” . Tell me as soon as you hear the word muslim scientists who comes to your mind?[………………….].
There have been Muslim scientists right from the time there has been Islam! As we have already discussed islam is a scientific religion /deen /way of life. So therefore there have been scientists right from the time there has been Islam.

2. Part 1

3. Science in the Muslim World
Refers to the science developed in the Islamic world between 7th and 16th centuries.
A period also known as the Islamic Golden Age. Science developed in the Islamic world between 7th and 16th centuries.

4. The Islamic Golden Age (between 7th - 16th centuries)
Muslim scholars made significant advances in ……
Science
Mathematics
Medicine
Astronomy
Engineering
And many other fields
Muslim scholars made significant advances in ……
Science
Mathematics
Medicine
Astronomy
Engineering
And many other fields

5. Islamic science is the foundation of
Modern Science
According To Robert Briffault …

6. A lingua franca of that period
Arabic
A lingua franca of that period
Most texts during this period were written in Arabic
What is the most commonly and widely used language today? […………….]
Why is speaking good English so important ?
In those times Arabic enjoyed the same respect and importance.

7. Early Muslim Conquests
During the early Muslim conquests, the Muslim Arab forces, led primarily by Khalid ibn al-Walid, conquered the Sassanid Persian Empire and more than half of the Byzantine Roman Empire, establishing the caliphate across the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa, followed by further expansions across Pakistan, southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
BYZANTINE ROMAN EMPIRE
MIDDLE EAST, CENTRAL ASIA, NORTH AFRICA
SOUTHERN ITALY,
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.

8. Knowledge & skills of ancient Middle East, Greece, Persia & India was inherited
. As a result, the Islamic governments inherited the knowledge and skills of the ancient Middle East, of Greece, of Persia and of India . This knowledge in turn was used in beneficial ways leading to some of the greatest developments.

9. Islamic Foundations of Institutions
Many important institutions have their origins in the medieval Islamic world. Such as…..
Public hospitals (replaced healing temples and sleep temples)
Psychiatric hospitals

10. Public Hospitals

11. Psychiatric hospitals

12. The Public Library & Lending Library

13. Academic Degree-Granting University
University of Al Karaouine
Fez, Morocco
Academic Degree-Granting University
The Guinness Book of World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco as the oldest university in the world founded in 859.[36]

14. Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt founded -10th century
Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in the 10th century, offered a variety of academic degrees, including postgraduate degrees, and is often considered the first full-fledged university.

15. Astronomical Observatory as a Research Institute

16. THE TRUST (WAQF)
Quba mosque in Medinah built upon the Prophet’s (pbuh) arrival in 622 CE
The first islamic waqf

17. World's Most Sophisticated Hospitals
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Maryland, USA
Mayo Clinic:
USA

18. Bimaristan Medical University Hospital Baghdad 9th century
The first universities which issued diplomas were the Bimaristan medical university-hospitals of the medieval Islamic world, where medical diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be practicing doctors of medicine from the 9th century. Sir John Bagot Glubb wrote:[35]
"By Mamun's time medical schools were extremely active in Baghdad. The first free public hospital was opened in Baghdad during the Caliphate of Haroon-ar-Rashid. As the system developed, physicians and surgeons were appointed who gave lectures to medical students and issued diplomas to those who were considered qualified to practice. The first hospital in Egypt was opened in 872 AD and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the empire from Spain and the Maghrib to Persia."

19. The Earliest Hospitals
Damascus, 706 CE
by Ummayad Caliph Al-Walid
The Beginning of the Islamic Hospitals ; mobile dispensary following the Muslim armies, dating from the time of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH); a tradition which remained throughout the centuries of Islamic Civilisation.Decades elapsed, before the first hospital building was built in Damascus in 706 by Al-Walid, the Ummayad Caliph. It was to cater for all sorts of patients (including the blind, and even the lepers). Treatment was given gratis to men and women, rich and poor, slave and free; and a sum of money was: disbursed to each convalescent on his departure, so that he need not at once return to work.
.Both Caliphs Harun al-Rashid and Al-Mansur had hospitals built in Baghdad.'
In Cairo, the first hospital was established at Al-Fustat by Ibn Tulun, governor of the city in 872.
What is Taught: The concept of quarantine was first developed in In Venice, a law was passed preventing strangers from entering the city until a certain waiting period had passed and no sign of illness could be found.
What Should be Taught: The concept of quarantine was first introduced in the 7th century A.D. by the prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h), who wisely warned against entering or leaving a region suffering from plague.
As early as the 10th century, Muslim physicians innovated the use of isolation wards for individuals suffering with communicable diseases.

20. Aleppo - Syria

21. Bimaristan An-Nuri Damascus

22. Where was Europe? (between 500 & 1000 CE)

23. The Dark Ages At a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity
The Medieval period of the Middle Ages was violent and blood thirsty, marked by frequent warfare
Initially, this era took on the term “dark” due to the backward ways and practices prevailing during this time
Torture chambers were included in many castles. Torture was a legitimate way to obtain testimonies and confessions

24. Medical treatment for the insane
:As early as the 11th century, Islamic hospitals maintained special wards for the insane. They treated them kindly at a time when the insane were routinely burned alive in Europe as witches and sorcerers.
For the first time in history, the mentally ill were treated with supportive care, drugs and psychotherapy.
Every major Islamic city maintained an insane asylum where patients were treated at no charge.

25. Al-Mansouri Hospitals Cairo- 1285
In Cairo, in 1285, Sultan Qalaun al-Mansur established the al-mansouri hospitals, described by Durant:
`Within a spacious quadrangular enclosure four buildings rose around a courtyard adorned with arcades and cooled with fountains and brooks. There were separate wards for diverse diseases and for convalescents; laboratories, a dispensary, out-patient clinics, diet kitchens, baths, a library, a chapel, a lecture hall, and particularly pleasant accommodations for the insane.

26. Video Clip 1

27. Father of Modern Optics
Al Hassan Ibn Al Haytham
Father of Modern Optics

28. Camera From the Arab word Qamara For a dark or private room
The ancient Greeks thought eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist…?……… after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters

29. "….for more than a 1000 yrs. there was not a scientific man of note except in Arabia”
Oliver Joseph Lodge
wrote in The Pioneers Of Science

30. The World is Flat! The world is flat!
This was something probably all Europeans took for granted at the time, the Vikings included. While most people in Europe, however, seldom ventured more than a few kilometres from the village where they were born
As late as 1595 it was recorded that the Chinese say: "The earth is flat and square, and the sky is a round canopy;
Religious views
Many Islamic scholars declared a mutual agreement (Ijma) that celestial bodies are round, the Muslim scholars are in agreement that all celestial bodies are round. Ibn Taymiyah also remarked that Allah has said, "And He (Allah) it is Who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon. They float, each in a Falak." IThe word 'Falak' (in the Arabic language) means "that which is round."[

31. Master
Astronomer
“Al-Biruni introduced techniques to measure the earth and distances on it.
He found the radius of the earth to be km, a value not obtained in the West until the 16th century.”

32. Muslim Polymaths Or "Universal Geniuses"
Another common feature during the Islamic Golden Age was the large number of Muslim polymaths or "universal geniuses", scholars who contributed to many different fields of knowledge. Muslim polymaths were known as "Hakeems" and they had a wide breadth of knowledge in many different fields of religious and secular learning, Polymath scholars were so common during the Islamic Golden Age that it was rare to find a scholar who specialized in any single field at the time.[38]
Hakeems

33. Ibn Al-Haytham / Alhacen Jabir ibn-e-Hayyan / Geber
Al-Kindi / Alkindus
Ibn Sina / Avicenna
Abu Al-Qasim / Abulcasis
Ibn Al Razi / Rhazes
Some famous scientists whose names have been mispronounced in such a way that we do not even think they are Muslims.
Jabir ibn-e-Hayyan/ Geber -For Chemistry
Al-Kindi /Alkindus -For The Earth Sciences
Ibn Sina/ Avicenna -For Medicine
Abu Al-Qasim (Abulcasis),-For Surgery
Ibn Al Rhazi/Rhazes-For Treating Smalpox/ Measles
Ibn-e Zuhr/ Avenzoar -For Surgery
and many more……..

34. The first to publish a detailed description of smallpox and measles.
Physician
: Muslim physicians used a variety of specific substances to destroy microbes. They applied sulfur topically specifically to kill the scabies mite. Ar-Razi (10th century) used mercurial compounds as topical antiseptics.

35. Philosophy

36. Avenzoar
Pioneer of
Experimental
surgery

37. Ibn Al-Nafis
Discoverer of
Blood
Circulation

38. Inventor of The injection syringe
Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
Inventor of The injection syringe

39. Mathematics
Pioneer Of Algebra
& Algorithms

40. Jamshid Kashani
The Decimal Point

41. (Jabir ibn Hayyan)
Pioneer of chemistry &
perfumery
Geber

42. Al Kindi / Alkindus
Father of
perfume
industry

43. Snell's law or Sahl’s ?
Ibn Sahl

44. IBN SINA / AVICENNA
IBN SINA / AVICENNA
Memorised the Quran by age 10. by 14 had overtaken his teachers. By 18 there was nothing he had not learnt. When he encountered problems went to the mosque performed wudhu prayed till light broke. He read aristotles book on metaphysics 40 times the words were imprinted in his memory but did not make any sense’ one day he found the answers in a book he bought for only 3 dirhams at a bookstall. He was so overjoyed that he turned in thankfulness to Allah and gave alms to the poor. Treated many patients free of charge. Wrote The Canon of Medicine (1025)
The Book of Healing (1027) (standard textbooks in both Muslim and European universities until the 17th century)

45. Their qualities Firm belief Turned to Allah (swt) for help
Adhered to the sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh)
Gave credit of their success to Allah (swt)
Positive attitude
Humble and Hard working
Never too busy to worship

46. (Surah Ibrahim14: Verse1)
“ Alif Lam Ra. This is a Book We have sent down to you so that you can bring mankind from the darkness to the light, by the permission of their Lord, to the Path of the Almighty, the Praiseworthy.”
(Surah Ibrahim14: Verse1)
Whenever they were stuck or couldn’t find a solution to their problem they turned to Allah . Islam is not a backward religion as it is commonly misunderstood nowadays. Those who follow Islam the way it is supposed to be followed do not waste their time in useless non-beneficial things. They made use of their time and became masters of many fields of knowledge , invented so many things.
In the next class inshallah we will learn about some more things that owe their origins to Islam.
End of part 1